tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-48367541975722079292024-02-07T19:20:22.674-08:00Fun Science ActivitiesShobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.comBlogger38125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-35730350920513396332021-01-24T14:42:00.003-08:002021-01-24T14:55:39.510-08:00Fireworks and Crackers<p> We had our last week class after Diwali break, so kids were all in excitement to share how they celebrated their Diwali. Some had gone out of town whereas others spent valuable family time celebrating together bursting crackers . So, my question to them were</p><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. What crackers did you burst?</div><div dir="auto">2. What is different about sparklers to crackers ?</div><div dir="auto">3. Which ones produce colors & which ones make noise?</div><div dir="auto">4. Why do certain crackers make louder noises than others?</div><div dir="auto">5. What do the crackers have in them to produce colorful fireworks?</div><div dir="auto">6. What are the colors they have seen in the fireworks?</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Kids had a fair idea and were able to answer some of the questions. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">To start off , we did the following activity to understand how sound vibrates in a cup and produces louder noise compared to the string alone. Then they could relate to why they hear loud noise when certain crackers burst. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Sound amplification </h3><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Materials</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Paper cup -1.</div><div dir="auto">2. string - 1 </div><div dir="auto">3. paper clip -1</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Procedure</b></div><div dir="auto"><b><br /></b></div><div dir="auto">1. Tie one end of the string to the middle of the paper clip.</div><div dir="auto">2. Try to pull the string using a wet paper towel and hear the sound.</div><div dir="auto">3. Make a hole at the bottom of the paper cup </div><div dir="auto">4. Put the string through it with the paper clip to hold the string in place.</div><div dir="auto">5. Pull the string using a wet paper towel to hear the chicken sound.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mzBcBQ4KS48DFFxmknWDsk8lac07GPU15mGdOKwPBGCihDbDg9FomEbvNzjYZVAMS4DeWgne1i-3KcEFTT9V_anxnjgtuS217T8lsOMNVQ1Bd-7M83Wu-1mkFeT0ZYA5C75z3ywVrWI/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="559" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7mzBcBQ4KS48DFFxmknWDsk8lac07GPU15mGdOKwPBGCihDbDg9FomEbvNzjYZVAMS4DeWgne1i-3KcEFTT9V_anxnjgtuS217T8lsOMNVQ1Bd-7M83Wu-1mkFeT0ZYA5C75z3ywVrWI/" width="248" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrSK4zj51rttYw10weby5XMWUx_WsEhSJYm23yHgHL7RAaE8DenHw_dmaaG5_npcqHiFEylHEFPjReV_69HHt7NxJ9xsYSsNx_A9aiozly5hSraJVCwwzlrxTezuVi2vqBT1qVPxIBzg0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="586" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrSK4zj51rttYw10weby5XMWUx_WsEhSJYm23yHgHL7RAaE8DenHw_dmaaG5_npcqHiFEylHEFPjReV_69HHt7NxJ9xsYSsNx_A9aiozly5hSraJVCwwzlrxTezuVi2vqBT1qVPxIBzg0/" width="248" /></a></div><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzFj47-aENuyH8xaHloy8XwmMh6sL8qB7Nh8qhZf4dbyKhiEieLq1kYbueoW7F2pyPryR0vJKkuD79N7wtCsQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><br /></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;">Observation</b></div></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Observe that the sound is louder (buk buk) when the string is attached to the cup compared to just doing it without the cup. The cup acts as the sounding board for pianos. It amplifies the sound.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Variation</b></div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto">While doing this we also tried blowing plastic bags, paper bags and trying to pop them to hear the noise level for each one of them. How the sizes of the bag and the material with which it was made produced different noise levels.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">We then discussed how fireworks work in general and also about the airplane firework that Rishi got hurt with during this celebration. To understand how different colors are made we tested different salts such as calcium chloride, copper sulphate , sodium chloride ((salt) , boric acid. Kids were able to note the different colors produced in the process. We also briefly touched upon the smell that the fireworks give out as pollution.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVZ6ckzwPZLwt8Ud_QGiqhQ8D8ZAXgWtL_PXUpslaXLgt5FnQWlI86XOP29L4qOv4rETsFKf_sx5NkjCHnr4cmUj_9ZXWttk4hV5LQVo7ondWhgeun3p3k0auuoncqtKGhl_y8qxOJ2sA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="624" data-original-width="886" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVZ6ckzwPZLwt8Ud_QGiqhQ8D8ZAXgWtL_PXUpslaXLgt5FnQWlI86XOP29L4qOv4rETsFKf_sx5NkjCHnr4cmUj_9ZXWttk4hV5LQVo7ondWhgeun3p3k0auuoncqtKGhl_y8qxOJ2sA/w400-h281/image.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuh-X0Q43D908bznSAeFBcilSxted2RtaoLMvBqL-T7ZcAekAAJlqRDOdmkDKNX1t06574y3b4lQGGOcnINZPMbhuRAndDFyinRonTGTrea-fTZCl-upxNgMfDVGWq7tMTD2EXZqJ1Src/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="625" data-original-width="658" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuh-X0Q43D908bznSAeFBcilSxted2RtaoLMvBqL-T7ZcAekAAJlqRDOdmkDKNX1t06574y3b4lQGGOcnINZPMbhuRAndDFyinRonTGTrea-fTZCl-upxNgMfDVGWq7tMTD2EXZqJ1Src/w400-h379/image.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0jMphRgXcaliP1bHvG1GkLYNGkrjPWrEV_MTJmErHv0G84lfr3-t6YB86RKNTjABrJ1pCSv1EVLrXmO1WUN9CqdPT7aCA_mzL9eNnuO6COpTWLjIaxcfQ8A2lHhMmwkOAJwfmJ0bOfo/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img data-original-height="625" data-original-width="674" height="371" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0jMphRgXcaliP1bHvG1GkLYNGkrjPWrEV_MTJmErHv0G84lfr3-t6YB86RKNTjABrJ1pCSv1EVLrXmO1WUN9CqdPT7aCA_mzL9eNnuO6COpTWLjIaxcfQ8A2lHhMmwkOAJwfmJ0bOfo/w400-h371/image.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sodium in cooking salt makes it yellow</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZeX3Yr68g-t72xU3wyg7X_aYppcE1Z4w729OXYZQcGUJPDTtTMsqQhAWnmpGlEzY_4GP0L2oZJCq_ibvwTzVn9N8T5lJb0m7VLQHBd1cfjhxeQ__wilP7Eynh-M6dHeNkupZfplUyNQ0/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img data-original-height="625" data-original-width="782" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZeX3Yr68g-t72xU3wyg7X_aYppcE1Z4w729OXYZQcGUJPDTtTMsqQhAWnmpGlEzY_4GP0L2oZJCq_ibvwTzVn9N8T5lJb0m7VLQHBd1cfjhxeQ__wilP7Eynh-M6dHeNkupZfplUyNQ0/w400-h320/image.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Calcium in Calcium chloride makes it orange color</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2tOFaC-0ZGBvZx6q-VrwpVzNYwYlg1_nCLyCED37Ul2ZudhrHi_43wJvJ2w6xAIeyws6vLM7o-8p5j9-YbnRp9H_j3RcoWw6UXRNLXIpZE_bdQ0NFC7ZSuceZlK79S0SrzpONF4bQ2P0/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img data-original-height="624" data-original-width="708" height="353" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2tOFaC-0ZGBvZx6q-VrwpVzNYwYlg1_nCLyCED37Ul2ZudhrHi_43wJvJ2w6xAIeyws6vLM7o-8p5j9-YbnRp9H_j3RcoWw6UXRNLXIpZE_bdQ0NFC7ZSuceZlK79S0SrzpONF4bQ2P0/w400-h353/image.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Copper in Copper Sulphate in fire produces bluish green color<br /><br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV0VzNxLPgCZhZwkD_oZq_-gwOtjo5F6td58N7oJXF_IgJQCHJpDrGo3Si8GrKPPH0NJiiXFREgAEnTSijKFyiGO_wwHAS6TS0nQucTtW5Q3T9r69Xz7EvtKn0Uh58Ddf_F3LqZJ5sgc8/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img data-original-height="465" data-original-width="493" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV0VzNxLPgCZhZwkD_oZq_-gwOtjo5F6td58N7oJXF_IgJQCHJpDrGo3Si8GrKPPH0NJiiXFREgAEnTSijKFyiGO_wwHAS6TS0nQucTtW5Q3T9r69Xz7EvtKn0Uh58Ddf_F3LqZJ5sgc8/w400-h378/image.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">boron in the boric acid makes it glow in green color</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-4Cwul3x2f5RWn1vaz3IGdIxRkIqSCnvCg3k8wM12JIE7sgYG41aTV-oENiBeoAd1nK-BSnC_PvCI-k1OBTj1rnd765NC6634keHYUB3wsvCawUCkCUb_JP9fdLAXZySBS7UaG4_Q2EA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img data-original-height="567" data-original-width="478" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-4Cwul3x2f5RWn1vaz3IGdIxRkIqSCnvCg3k8wM12JIE7sgYG41aTV-oENiBeoAd1nK-BSnC_PvCI-k1OBTj1rnd765NC6634keHYUB3wsvCawUCkCUb_JP9fdLAXZySBS7UaG4_Q2EA/w337-h400/image.png" width="337" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">To experience the effects of fireworks each one of them got a sparkle to light and feel joyful. I hope next time when kids look at the crackers or fireworks they will think of the science behind them.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div>Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-66276645093112220182021-01-20T12:55:00.002-08:002021-01-20T12:55:32.437-08:00Microbes <p> It was good to meet kids after a 10 days break. We greeted each other and discussed the experiments that we had done before. Kids recollected that we had made crystal hangings , candy crystals and snacks for Christmas celebration. </p><div dir="auto">The students shared that they were learning about plant reproduction in school. Since, we had done activities around how flower's help in reproduction in some plants, root vegetables, how they reproduce, we focused on how microbes reproduce. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">What are microbes?</h3><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Microbes are microscopic organisms that are too small to be seen through naked eye. There are various forms of microbes with different characteristics , different life forms. Familiar ones are</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. bacteria - example E.coli, lactobacillus </div><div dir="auto">2. Viruses - cold, flu virus</div><div dir="auto">3.Fungi - Mushroom, yeast </div><div dir="auto">4. Protists - amoeba</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">We talked about </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. How bread is made?. </div><div dir="auto">2. What is the main ingredient for making bread?.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"> Kids replied that it was yeast and how it helps to raise the dough and which makes it easier for it to be soft. We spoke about how milk turns into yogurt by a teaspoon of yogurt, how wine is fermented grape juice etc. One student shared how the muffin came out hard when mom forgot to add baking soda.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">What is yeast?</h4><div dir="auto">Yeast is a single celled organism and is found everywhere in the world. The Scientific name for active dry yeast is Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, otherwise known as “sugar-eating fungus.” This is a strong variety of yeast and it is responsible for fermentation. Fermentation is the step when the yeast makes carbon dioxide in the bread making process.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Yeast likes to multiply their numbers in a warm environment by eating their sugar. So, the conditions for growing yeast are sugar and warm temperature. To test it out how it affects yeast growth we did the following activities.</div><div dir="auto"> </div><div dir="auto"><b>Materials</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Cups - 4</div><div dir="auto">2.Sugar - 4 tsp</div><div dir="auto">3.warm Water - 1/4 cup </div><div dir="auto">4.hot water - 1/4 cup</div><div dir="auto">5.cold water - 1/4 cup</div><div dir="auto">6. tap water -1/4 cup</div><div dir="auto">7. yeast - 1 packet</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Procedure</b></div><div dir="auto"><b><br /></b></div><div dir="auto">1. Take 4 cups and pour tap water, warm water, hot water and cold water in each one of them. Mark it as tap, warm, hot and cold water accordingly.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg95X-Tt-V-pYlsBWAD65LHGtuYOZ8KQFyUb82wY6fpAsVgGQA-LV9LYy0iIVUI_Ljvo9xZzqJbZHXszZfMFhVI6MF5_KL1PauADl7HTI-V-jN9Xi1z0QFWzFJQO98q61QpLBEdtGV1dnc/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="833" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg95X-Tt-V-pYlsBWAD65LHGtuYOZ8KQFyUb82wY6fpAsVgGQA-LV9LYy0iIVUI_Ljvo9xZzqJbZHXszZfMFhVI6MF5_KL1PauADl7HTI-V-jN9Xi1z0QFWzFJQO98q61QpLBEdtGV1dnc/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto">2. Put 1 tsp of sugar in each one of the cups. Mix it with a spoon.</div><div dir="auto">3.Put 1/2 tsp yeast in each cup. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGmHVrRGaG08OLVKqjsDDbDRJAtYU7JOgULD1O0tHYcGMu7rNSJfHouehEl6KXu1mFjK49RZKsiE1snCb28acDGkMIJ0oXZwepe6k3ZtVzysShxmyXAw7bKQ1jzVrFjZCIEi35cu5ZANY/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="833" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGmHVrRGaG08OLVKqjsDDbDRJAtYU7JOgULD1O0tHYcGMu7rNSJfHouehEl6KXu1mFjK49RZKsiE1snCb28acDGkMIJ0oXZwepe6k3ZtVzysShxmyXAw7bKQ1jzVrFjZCIEi35cu5ZANY/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto">4. Set it aside for 20 minutes to observe.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6_zohRYfF3ACuuPAEbdg_KKrIZCPEqmJ0w7lKey9hWgIpRpISdHztVzE_l2tSvLGL33uQtHC7D9d3t_8gfY8ENn2_at7HCI40-nFpOsTTK5GTVbA1dnkdiF6USQWxz5YQPV6GKXMGtkw/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="833" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6_zohRYfF3ACuuPAEbdg_KKrIZCPEqmJ0w7lKey9hWgIpRpISdHztVzE_l2tSvLGL33uQtHC7D9d3t_8gfY8ENn2_at7HCI40-nFpOsTTK5GTVbA1dnkdiF6USQWxz5YQPV6GKXMGtkw/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYaRmlwsc2lTx01gsDUxAYImrTBmPPzPP0Qr0DGwCvah12ovfJ2KO25fd_QWMb_Wor6pnB6HgCX2sWNedEHmVb8N-5ia35VXkxqLtTzuzF7286guO12BQBeJq8gJmomEIdSzIPolIch08/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="833" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYaRmlwsc2lTx01gsDUxAYImrTBmPPzPP0Qr0DGwCvah12ovfJ2KO25fd_QWMb_Wor6pnB6HgCX2sWNedEHmVb8N-5ia35VXkxqLtTzuzF7286guO12BQBeJq8gJmomEIdSzIPolIch08/" width="320" /></a></div><br />Observation</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">You will notice that the yeast in warm water would have multiplied whereas in hot and cold water it does not . This shows that in cold conditions yeast does not even activate and in hot water we had killed the yeast and hence it does not grow at all. It needs warm temperature to multiply. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Yeast growth with Different amounts of Sugar </h3><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Small bottles - 4.</div><div dir="auto">2. warm water - 1cup </div><div dir="auto">3. sugar - 5 tsp</div><div dir="auto">4. Balloons - 4</div><div dir="auto">5. Funnel -1</div><div dir="auto">6. yeast - 1 packet</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Procedure</div><div dir="auto">1. Pour 1/4 cup warm water in all the 4 bottles . </div><div dir="auto">2. Using the funnel put 1/2 tsp sugar in 1st bottle ,1 tsp sugar in the second bottle,2 tsps in 3 rd bottle , 3 tsps in 4th bottle</div><div dir="auto">3. Put 1 tsp of yeast in all the bottles.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQab0KL5-fqxmyFY4BjdodUaRZYDJEqZIUZ6xmT_n-z6EgmxyZFrV1oHLfNhXBeudJ4tcAgESPGRPQMIHegKu-vCQ-fmDrv11f3RG1cYY6tLizvD-zvVXI8K3HjoyazFLBo1_yqKvQ2A/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="833" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCQab0KL5-fqxmyFY4BjdodUaRZYDJEqZIUZ6xmT_n-z6EgmxyZFrV1oHLfNhXBeudJ4tcAgESPGRPQMIHegKu-vCQ-fmDrv11f3RG1cYY6tLizvD-zvVXI8K3HjoyazFLBo1_yqKvQ2A/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto">4. Attach the same size balloons in all the bottle heads. </div><div dir="auto">5. Set aside the bottle in a corner and observe it after 1-2 hrs. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRtzz5w0FWELVRriNR12MUi8ikypqmPxhMZ4h86f4UwVBRz90ZtkzXthzkQHmvfvAPq_AG_np9HQQsz6Li9PxjOnB_1Y3chDibFVt_ZO3p0qsaWquNPzbhtF68_sFFWh5noQHk3QdMvOY/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="469" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRtzz5w0FWELVRriNR12MUi8ikypqmPxhMZ4h86f4UwVBRz90ZtkzXthzkQHmvfvAPq_AG_np9HQQsz6Li9PxjOnB_1Y3chDibFVt_ZO3p0qsaWquNPzbhtF68_sFFWh5noQHk3QdMvOY/w300-h400/image.png" width="300" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div dir="auto">6.Ask the students to share their hypothesis about what they expect to happen and verify it later.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Observation</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">We noticed that all the balloons had carbon dioxide released in them and hence the balloons had stood up. But the 3rd and 4th bottle had more carbon dioxide which made the balloon blow up bigger in size.</div><div dir="auto">The reaction that happens in this experiment can be written down as,</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Glucose ⟶ Ethanol + Carbon dioxide</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">which can be written as…</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">C6H12O6(aq) ⟶ 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g). </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Here due to yeast added to sugar in warm water, the sugar (glucose) breaks down to ethanol and carbon dioxide.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div>Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-88478895936815620442021-01-18T20:42:00.022-08:002021-01-23T16:08:06.927-08:00Volcano and Elephant toothpaste <p> With Children's day celebration in mind we had planned to do activities kids had been intending to try for a while. Yes, it was a Volcano model and making elephant toothpaste . They were looking forward to the explosions that take place in these activities. </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJp6dPk0HZCHDOCgPy15C05ZqHRezhvwHhC_eSHEzqUXF-Agc9rq1ppJOVpxyJrAUYpVshscfpC2kKTkj9gg8KreH5GgXSLzA4j0mlGqQZaM_Dol1VjS3EavWgPPFwycrBDxX92asOZqY/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="620" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJp6dPk0HZCHDOCgPy15C05ZqHRezhvwHhC_eSHEzqUXF-Agc9rq1ppJOVpxyJrAUYpVshscfpC2kKTkj9gg8KreH5GgXSLzA4j0mlGqQZaM_Dol1VjS3EavWgPPFwycrBDxX92asOZqY/" width="238" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Before starting the experiment we discussed the chemical reaction that takes place in it, the role of each ingredient in it. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Materials</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1.All purpose flour or Maida - 2 cups</div><div dir="auto">2. water-1cup</div><div dir="auto">3. small bottle - empty</div><div dir="auto">4.food color- red</div><div dir="auto">5.dish washing detergent - 6-8 drops</div><div dir="auto">6. Bowl -1</div><div dir="auto">7. vinegar - 1/2 cup</div><div dir="auto">8. baking soda - 2 Tb spoon</div><div dir="auto">9. Big tray -1</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Procedure</div><div dir="auto">1. Mix the flour and water in the bowl and make a stiff dough using 1/2 cup of water.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMdjMJt3kvUvpLIeayJslAXyE2SA-emGJOvizNS5fLvNZFWLeB3vhp4QwNQ7kHjpNYwz35OEKrsG_XHNyJ9ikXivtAXO6y1AzbOC4Mj7GAO-ZQBhbhikNTrF96W05OPU4HZDKLiOiiEgs/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="766" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMdjMJt3kvUvpLIeayJslAXyE2SA-emGJOvizNS5fLvNZFWLeB3vhp4QwNQ7kHjpNYwz35OEKrsG_XHNyJ9ikXivtAXO6y1AzbOC4Mj7GAO-ZQBhbhikNTrF96W05OPU4HZDKLiOiiEgs/" width="294" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto">2. Keep the small bottle in the middle of the tray and using the dough make a cone like structure around the bottle. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx69p3pKE-KaafE5-s-IMbzl-0PB1FzY0PhNG4eMqhPKeZEwHwDgqE17zHrYPMUNFIoLAgEkksFvqlfoTd9vtHBJMKd-jUGUnnSXl46vH7qoPWCF-qav7AkUGvYwIxnU185vBNVmDkfg8/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="512" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx69p3pKE-KaafE5-s-IMbzl-0PB1FzY0PhNG4eMqhPKeZEwHwDgqE17zHrYPMUNFIoLAgEkksFvqlfoTd9vtHBJMKd-jUGUnnSXl46vH7qoPWCF-qav7AkUGvYwIxnU185vBNVmDkfg8/" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto">3. Pour 1 /4 cup of water in a cup and mix the red food coloring in it. </div><div dir="auto">4. Mix the dishwashing detergent and baking soda in it. Detergent is added to trap the bubbles produced in the reaction, you get a better lava reaction. </div><div dir="auto">5. Inform all your friends to be ready to observe the reaction.</div><div dir="auto">6. Pour the vinegar slowly and observe the eruption taking place .</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHTY95XPcKJsb6fE5uzOUAOuKasZWQGG6nV-HVWgXQvIrH_RlDXIY2fVxTJrngMlWFpme3giko9XZ-KnxnAtNzFhk3ruNIQbWzyD4rZzfEctc_P-Q-D0PZoZaIV9ZwGQf14zfANLryfy0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="682" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHTY95XPcKJsb6fE5uzOUAOuKasZWQGG6nV-HVWgXQvIrH_RlDXIY2fVxTJrngMlWFpme3giko9XZ-KnxnAtNzFhk3ruNIQbWzyD4rZzfEctc_P-Q-D0PZoZaIV9ZwGQf14zfANLryfy0/" width="262" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy7u8E7UVRMHhdChHtSSeYM1DBdh1ZTjPlsik0BbCYEy2v9UfX4kwq9YR6LSlV4Mpljqmhw9bHr_luwAc3Brg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjGF8gon6P3UIY5c-JSVfniVPHn1FKj5eIVyzZqaZs-1yXLpQV6hV6KMsr-bvKCFtGJItOKZgWg8w2nM23gHYUZE0oSO4-HgJ8fWaJvxvHjCDeiJTfPovTDSGxsptLh5SxoO2L7yV-yfk/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="624" data-original-width="661" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjGF8gon6P3UIY5c-JSVfniVPHn1FKj5eIVyzZqaZs-1yXLpQV6hV6KMsr-bvKCFtGJItOKZgWg8w2nM23gHYUZE0oSO4-HgJ8fWaJvxvHjCDeiJTfPovTDSGxsptLh5SxoO2L7yV-yfk/" width="254" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto">Variations</div><div dir="auto">1. You can try using other acids such as lemon juice instead of vinegar.</div><div dir="auto">2. Change the amount of baking soda or vinegar and see how it changes the reaction..</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3hMBkYhOqX1nLfltGIgmbW0hoiIjHXr6GobjeYVIFcoINqVWb-K1fD08zlGeakk_Dho992ROzEtTSB1aCfQoTA7RLf_waxt_QaYE__MVIb8kKjG1jVpTH_iKTn1Hs0_d-7WwVBHKdzqA/s625/elephant+toothpaste.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="541" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3hMBkYhOqX1nLfltGIgmbW0hoiIjHXr6GobjeYVIFcoINqVWb-K1fD08zlGeakk_Dho992ROzEtTSB1aCfQoTA7RLf_waxt_QaYE__MVIb8kKjG1jVpTH_iKTn1Hs0_d-7WwVBHKdzqA/s320/elephant+toothpaste.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div dir="auto"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Elephant toothpaste</h3><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">The minute I showed the ingredients to make elephant toothpaste, kids were all excited. Arav was quick to respond that Doctor used Hydrogen peroxide on his wound when he had a cut on his leg. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Yes, Hydrogen peroxide is an antiseptic to kill bacteria. It is a liquid made from Hydrogen and oxygen atoms. </div><div dir="auto">Normally, if hydrogen peroxide is left open it will slowly break down into H2O and O2. But to accelerate the reaction we can add yeast which acts as a catalyst for the quick breakdown.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Materials</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Big tray -1</div><div dir="auto">2. Empty water bottle -1</div><div dir="auto">3. Yeast - 2 Tablespoon</div><div dir="auto">4. Dishwashing Soap- 1 tsp</div><div dir="auto">5. warm water - 1/2 cup</div><div dir="auto">6. Hydrogen peroxide - 1/2 cup</div><div dir="auto">7. Food coloring - green(Optional)</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Procedure</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Take 6 Tablespoons of warm water and mix yeast in them. Leave it for 1 or 2 minutes.</div><div dir="auto">2 Measure 1/2 cup of hydrogen peroxide and pour it into the bottle. Place it on a big tray or near the sink. </div><div dir="auto">3. Add dishwashing soap in this and swirl it well. </div><div dir="auto">4. If you want to add food coloring , you can add a few drops. We added green.</div><div dir="auto">5. Pour the yeast mixture into the bottle and watch for the reaction.</div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ22N7ttZEC0P7ezN2JszNRHvvanrSfKfhkmD_9xy6zEvPOrFKg1DykBg1VD5-Kztgx7lFmgp3BAl1JZm7_JJAahpjaFWp2pPKwZ86y-GjEWD-mHsp8kfaiTcyvuuOTPaqOJ8jUKs3wP0/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="574" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJ22N7ttZEC0P7ezN2JszNRHvvanrSfKfhkmD_9xy6zEvPOrFKg1DykBg1VD5-Kztgx7lFmgp3BAl1JZm7_JJAahpjaFWp2pPKwZ86y-GjEWD-mHsp8kfaiTcyvuuOTPaqOJ8jUKs3wP0/" width="220" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI1LDPoCApAPg4uZPjEbddxPwliVg2Znu0TMilsAOTHrPG6mdh5Ixd9kDNEIchsz5vn-3aeWrtQh_eEFSfVKYF0QTlSPG9aM9SbGQOX7ECclHnRdf5VMwIm-4BIA29DLiG-t31KAZMcrQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="607" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI1LDPoCApAPg4uZPjEbddxPwliVg2Znu0TMilsAOTHrPG6mdh5Ixd9kDNEIchsz5vn-3aeWrtQh_eEFSfVKYF0QTlSPG9aM9SbGQOX7ECclHnRdf5VMwIm-4BIA29DLiG-t31KAZMcrQ/" width="233" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivD5mjrAmIzTMfQZ0eRsJNLFg0VeHsp4tBp62MKXBru6a7exCc5yMNQ-9eHFxfVmmtngFg8XaXKyNLSyi3L16khdKZAAYPYCf87VIoZKJUOe7bl4afBt89c3vtNm9pwBrvvm6xygl6XIQ/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="663" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivD5mjrAmIzTMfQZ0eRsJNLFg0VeHsp4tBp62MKXBru6a7exCc5yMNQ-9eHFxfVmmtngFg8XaXKyNLSyi3L16khdKZAAYPYCf87VIoZKJUOe7bl4afBt89c3vtNm9pwBrvvm6xygl6XIQ/" width="255" /></a></div><br /><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Observation and Explanation.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">You probably saw lots of bubbles and foam. Bubbles are formed when hydrogen peroxide starts reacting with yeast it breaks down into water and oxygen. Since oxygen is a gas it escapes. The dish soap that we added traps the gas bubbles forming a foam. Yeast is from the fungi kingdom. Catalase is an enzyme that is present in yeast for it to break down hydrogen peroxide. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Variation</div><div dir="auto">Try the same reaction without adding dish soap.You will notice that there will be bubbles and no foam in them.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">Roshni had brought a model of pinhole camera. She gave clear instructions and explanations to what to look for when using the model. Light was our topic a few weeks back and we spoke about pinhole cameras then. Glad that she was able to demonstrate the working of the pinhole camera.</div>Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-64531971231446696232019-07-06T04:59:00.010-07:002021-01-18T17:03:49.453-08:00Sprinklers and Fountains<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJi75Q9SD5n0mOjxqngYXBV1rz8fAsvKGt1QWH05BCAXv5v9pgDgRpztzeYxxRBmjgqlRFarhGv8fATTf8Odb-LpFd38Yh2RryXx9OVy1Yo0FL1vJ5o2tGehweC6DeQglclDFCyjn9c0M/s1917/Impact_Sprinkler_Mechanism_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1253" data-original-width="1917" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJi75Q9SD5n0mOjxqngYXBV1rz8fAsvKGt1QWH05BCAXv5v9pgDgRpztzeYxxRBmjgqlRFarhGv8fATTf8Odb-LpFd38Yh2RryXx9OVy1Yo0FL1vJ5o2tGehweC6DeQglclDFCyjn9c0M/w400-h261/Impact_Sprinkler_Mechanism_2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">JJ Harrison via Wikimedia Commons: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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For the last two weeks we have focused in understanding concepts such as "Why
and how things work?". To kindle the curiosity of kids we started by
sharing questions that they wonder about in the world of science. These
were the following questions that some of them have</div>
<div>
<br />
1. What happens if a star crashes on the Sun?.<br />
2. What is inside a black hole?.<br />
3.Do aliens exist?.<br />
4. What causes lightning to happen?.<br />
5. Why do we laugh when we get tickled?.</div>
<div>
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<div>
After our discussion about the answers to the above questions we moved on to focusing on our activity that was planned for the day. Since
it is summer we thought about sprinklers being on everywhere near the
gardens. </div>
<div>
<br />
1.So, how does the sprinkler work?. What is the principle?.<br />
<br />
2. Can
we make our own sprinklers using basic things around?.</div>
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Most
garden sprinklers work with the centrifuge sprinkler system. In this
the centrifugal force in the center ( middle) makes the water move up
and spin too. To use this principle we tried different models.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Model Sprinkler</b> </h3>
</div>
<div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Materials</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
1. Straw - 1<br />
2. Skewer -1<br />
3. Cello tape -1<br />
4. Scissors -1<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Procedure</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">1. Take a straw and poke it in the middle with a skewer (otherwise called kebab stick)</span></div>
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54E6x7i8ELtZnwhE1OUrTWP2b-AODRtNMYQFnUryUWlt9xcE990o_Nsg9WQDvWkBkAhx6ISRlpp0Cx4cUBJ02O5hutn1UGUtqHctW55sypKouJokuFfR3mNHMWFdYb6IZPCeWJ08sA6Q/s1600/sprinlkler+1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi54E6x7i8ELtZnwhE1OUrTWP2b-AODRtNMYQFnUryUWlt9xcE990o_Nsg9WQDvWkBkAhx6ISRlpp0Cx4cUBJ02O5hutn1UGUtqHctW55sypKouJokuFfR3mNHMWFdYb6IZPCeWJ08sA6Q/s320/sprinlkler+1.jpg" width="239" /></a> </div>
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2. Cut small slits in the upper part of the straw .</div>
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3. Bend it as a triangle and tape it with a cello tape.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzCXrNHW5mfx9Mh8f1gc1fzmwNcBIfEHTSYkIQOooxQVbjO_VOWZD6RTGbZcQx-0J89sBYr_VX1qW5trQ46K848BpZHsvabbeyixhX3QCGcDWsZ58QWmZVSHNq6CsrNlHytLXbzAO7Zc/s1600/sprinkler2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwzCXrNHW5mfx9Mh8f1gc1fzmwNcBIfEHTSYkIQOooxQVbjO_VOWZD6RTGbZcQx-0J89sBYr_VX1qW5trQ46K848BpZHsvabbeyixhX3QCGcDWsZ58QWmZVSHNq6CsrNlHytLXbzAO7Zc/s320/sprinkler2.jpg" width="239" /></a> </div>
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<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0HYEjF3WSn5qu_qbVpOnnLoC8jkfRMG0DI24RrMyv3gvhIWFmpWSl8ABD6jP-KoWuCixLbqPUs1qmNYPYYJST4LoQH65FgcDg_iInRXAiTmSfa1ZVj7IAjsgLz46mt8Oy-oleHKCdsWo/s1600/sprinkler4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="592" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0HYEjF3WSn5qu_qbVpOnnLoC8jkfRMG0DI24RrMyv3gvhIWFmpWSl8ABD6jP-KoWuCixLbqPUs1qmNYPYYJST4LoQH65FgcDg_iInRXAiTmSfa1ZVj7IAjsgLz46mt8Oy-oleHKCdsWo/s400/sprinkler4.jpg" width="297" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95ODI5hIScPVi92-jVXi38HoBK1atACi7P1-B4qLStwYEOI_dlAnxPMDqXrCS8ZMczJXJPINiyrtQBD8MVSQwEAFchx6RUEHxlXdEDpNMZGf7yUF9nc61Lui3vtNsTvkFVgdPMAadjso/s1600/sprinkler5.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="1054" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj95ODI5hIScPVi92-jVXi38HoBK1atACi7P1-B4qLStwYEOI_dlAnxPMDqXrCS8ZMczJXJPINiyrtQBD8MVSQwEAFchx6RUEHxlXdEDpNMZGf7yUF9nc61Lui3vtNsTvkFVgdPMAadjso/s400/sprinkler5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
4. Make sure the holes of the straws are open while securing it with the skewer.</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br />
5. Your manual sprinkler is ready.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxBLtdtuciDL61n4ZuHZppIe1WkWXQIjr2CJJ-i3P3MKmd3JvHiX0osCNi7Owb6d75EnkBHGkamBMJVAi5YMg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br />
When
we tried it, kids were amazed to see that how the skewer in the middle
spins generating the centrifugal force which in turn makes the water
move up the straw while sprinkling the water. We then suggested that we
should try with one more straw added to the same. More water sprinkles with one more straw and kids thoroughly enjoyed it .</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
<b>Magic bottle sprinkler</b></div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
Kids
were told to open the bottle kept outside in the balcony. They were
surprised to see that when they opened it water would flow and when
closed it there was no water leaking. Kids were able to guess that the
atmospheric pressure was more outside than inside the bottle. So, when
the air enters the bottle water is pushed (flows) and stops when it is
closed.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8sIEa3td8N6k7zYYdu_UU35bByf0G5LgPtpboDbatFchIUUX5rr1pH75yW1Y4NRAVkvR_wbQ-I_Ajs5oNo0AvWz74-g-d3NWn8zN_v_i_ejqGLXQK0Bag2rxM7u_kCCPLr9fLqMO7678/s1600/bottle+sprinkler2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="789" data-original-width="937" height="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8sIEa3td8N6k7zYYdu_UU35bByf0G5LgPtpboDbatFchIUUX5rr1pH75yW1Y4NRAVkvR_wbQ-I_Ajs5oNo0AvWz74-g-d3NWn8zN_v_i_ejqGLXQK0Bag2rxM7u_kCCPLr9fLqMO7678/s320/bottle+sprinkler2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiizdGyiPFKa4UyOIhijvZBIAvqucDf4OjhI8tqqgCvB7kLmE6BM6YfSHKACUXxUXegrm5snzbKmMY15EEcoZx7wdydylHQZLnA9J7JOe0dWQIHyWwOzAdPK1HeJ6V5gw_pwcO2rOy9OOk/s1600/bottle+sprinkler3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="790" data-original-width="592" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiizdGyiPFKa4UyOIhijvZBIAvqucDf4OjhI8tqqgCvB7kLmE6BM6YfSHKACUXxUXegrm5snzbKmMY15EEcoZx7wdydylHQZLnA9J7JOe0dWQIHyWwOzAdPK1HeJ6V5gw_pwcO2rOy9OOk/s320/bottle+sprinkler3.jpg" width="239" /></a></div>
</div>
<div dir="auto">
Kids wanted to make it by themselves. For
this we filled the bottle with water and turned it upside down. We then
poked holes using pushpins and removed them too. </div>
<div dir="auto">
<br />
You can now see how it works.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzgYXgvqyrA1T-AZSxDcePoQlHV5RJ1z-tCZC--2w9UHdWShRUjWZkaIcy2nNN0cPnu5pmOYIDBKXTDSj1qbw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
We also talked about fountains and decided to make a model fountain with few materials in hand. </div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Bottle Fountain </b></h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Materials</b></div>
<br />
1. Plastic bottle (1 L) -2</div>
<div>
2. Nail or a bigger sewing needle</div>
<div>
3. Straw </div>
<div>
4. Adhesive putty</div>
<div>
5. Food colouring (optional)</div>
<div>
6. Balloon -2<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b> Procedure</b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
1. Half fill one of the bottles with water and blow up a balloon and
put it around the mouth of the bottle and tell kids to observe if the
balloon deflates or not.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvyHqSI3_lKhXw4V1LvstHZKgGIbO5Dal2PIAHtC_SdO3S1E8x5miI1WgxOlwR57TDQpVpLI4S-fMbgxLZYueT_u6RjmWqsIuA1G5c4s9_w9YanWRaqAs8yUwFy3IWvQrbBFCqS1PwKAI/s1600/IMG_20190625_104039.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvyHqSI3_lKhXw4V1LvstHZKgGIbO5Dal2PIAHtC_SdO3S1E8x5miI1WgxOlwR57TDQpVpLI4S-fMbgxLZYueT_u6RjmWqsIuA1G5c4s9_w9YanWRaqAs8yUwFy3IWvQrbBFCqS1PwKAI/s320/IMG_20190625_104039.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
2. In another bottle make a small hole using a sharp nail about 10 cm up the side of the plastic bottle.
The hole should be about the size of the straw's diameter. Ask an adult to help.<br />
<br />
3. Place the straw into this hole so it is half inside the bottle and half out. Angle it so the outside end points upwards.<br />
<br />
4. Press adhesive putty around the straw on the outside of the bottle
to reduce leakage from the hole. <br />
<br />
5. Fill the bottle halfway with water and add a drop of food colouring.<br />
<br />
6. Does the water come out the straw?...no, right?<br />
<br />
7. Now, blow up the balloon. Keep the air inside the balloon while you stretch the balloon ends over the top of the bottle.<br />
<br />
8. Hold the balloon in place, then release the air into the bottle. Watch what happens as the balloon deflates.<br />
<br />
9.
Do this activity somewhere you can make a watery mess, such as a sink or outside.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje4IZm4N1OzcqNslfveEBK0AjaC5WuEJBCVNmngKzhpM20ZepmIeJ4tDlteLUeuxFY98SWvNQ7b3BXJxM4IiQVVC6RO6nzXHCwLyiTj7y0ETnmVXYu0kT-k6XAkgOpqQ_3WuXj86nXh8w/s1600/IMG_20190625_102528.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje4IZm4N1OzcqNslfveEBK0AjaC5WuEJBCVNmngKzhpM20ZepmIeJ4tDlteLUeuxFY98SWvNQ7b3BXJxM4IiQVVC6RO6nzXHCwLyiTj7y0ETnmVXYu0kT-k6XAkgOpqQ_3WuXj86nXh8w/s400/IMG_20190625_102528.jpg" width="400" /></a><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQbdSkrXi4Y50xqzGV_fvvPa8D_UMPYXMjORwq9sy8qCeJeL_wRTtA6yO9XNNX20EuqBZ_fCBIkwAWBxL424okQgCnsx8XtP9blzNh_Adzb2rk1vPsf1caW4ywOBctgKa9Uu4Hmsce5LA/s1600/IMG_20190625_101951.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQbdSkrXi4Y50xqzGV_fvvPa8D_UMPYXMjORwq9sy8qCeJeL_wRTtA6yO9XNNX20EuqBZ_fCBIkwAWBxL424okQgCnsx8XtP9blzNh_Adzb2rk1vPsf1caW4ywOBctgKa9Uu4Hmsce5LA/s400/IMG_20190625_101951.jpg" width="400" /></a> </b></h4>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwt62Z1D0eBzw5iFfd71tFwoSfF62QBKYnbkfNKgKHr4N6VdeTklmnLINCxYXysX3_wg8MzQPCDZoO6ofL56Q' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b> </b></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<b>What's happening?</b></h4>
All around us, everything on Earth is being squeezed by the atmosphere
above. Air pressure pushes equally in all directions, and is pushing on
you. Same is happening inside
your fountain. The water in the bottle is squeezed by the amount of
water on top of it. The same happens with the water in the straw.<br />
<br />
The balloon on top of the water bottle without the hole stays the same
where as the bottle with a (straw) hole lets the air go through .
The air inside a balloon is under pressure as it is squeezed by the
rubber. When you place the inflated balloon on top of the bottle with the straw, the
air pressure on top of the bottle becomes higher. That pushes down on
the water in the bottle, pushing it through the straw and making the
fountain stronger.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-89035156515142187852018-06-05T05:03:00.000-07:002018-06-05T09:44:14.285-07:00Why cut apples turn brown in color?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6hCrP4sN2PaInRlf23mdh3iGg3zG21NjL5ES30XNA1PvGA4IqnHiK2wDNnE44E6e66pDv3T1-KdhzZgTqBXMoWFdK_UpJ0SDrfewdDAxY4ySZB7drzVgkLr2_InyJGYvkbKjDqLDB8-0/s1600/cut+apple.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="848" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6hCrP4sN2PaInRlf23mdh3iGg3zG21NjL5ES30XNA1PvGA4IqnHiK2wDNnE44E6e66pDv3T1-KdhzZgTqBXMoWFdK_UpJ0SDrfewdDAxY4ySZB7drzVgkLr2_InyJGYvkbKjDqLDB8-0/s400/cut+apple.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
I was cutting the apples into pieces when kids entered the
science class. Noticing that, they all assumed I was going to give it
to them to eat :-) which I didn't. So, one of them asked me " Aunty, you
had left the cut apple pieces out. Will they not turn brown in color?". I was glad that they had initiated the discussion for the day. Further,
I asked them to think about things that turn brown when left outside.
That triggered them to wonder<br />
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
1. Why cut apple pieces turn brown in colour?</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
2. Why copper vessels change color from pink to brown when kept out?</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
3. Why does Iron rust when exposed to moisture?</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
Let us first check out why do cut apples turn brown in colour?<br />
</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
Have
you ever bitten into an apple, left it for sometime to find that it had
turned brown in colour. When apple is cut or bruised, oxygen is
introduced into the cells which then reacts with the enzyme (polyphenol
oxidase) in the chloroplast to turn into brown colour. The fruit starts
to oxidize, by transferring electrons to the air and the food turns
brown. It is like edible rust on your food. </div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
Oxidation
can be prevented or slowed down by not allowing the oxygen to enter the
apples. So , we tried the following experiment to find out what can
prevent the cut apples becoming brown in color.<br />
</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
<u><b>Materials</b></u></div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
Fresh cut apple pieces - 4 </div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
Bowls - 4 </div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
lemon juice - 2 tsp</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
salt - 1 tsp</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
water - 1/4 cup</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
<u><b>Procedure</b></u></div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
1. Cut apple into 4 slices.</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
2. Rub lemon juice on one slice, salt on the other slice and the third one inside the water. The fourth one is plain apple piece.</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
3. Leave the apple pieces outside. </div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
4. Observe the changes on the apples after 30 minutes.</div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAyjjTqyeiEEqEr7NwW7WSO7rGentjvwaElZsibYwpceCh7FPFy3pzSPEZbxID1eOg9xknD7CB_demRsJGUn6jTo0GWUtEMhEPiVR-bmr0393nD_BAXbYoZwbI0HB3Ny3EUmuDUzmanRM/s1600/cutapple3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="980" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAyjjTqyeiEEqEr7NwW7WSO7rGentjvwaElZsibYwpceCh7FPFy3pzSPEZbxID1eOg9xknD7CB_demRsJGUn6jTo0GWUtEMhEPiVR-bmr0393nD_BAXbYoZwbI0HB3Ny3EUmuDUzmanRM/s400/cutapple3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
<u><b><br /></b></u></div>
<div dir="auto">
<u><b>Results and Observation</b></u></div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
<div dir="auto">
What
we found was that the apple pieces rubbed with lemon juice stayed the
same compared to other pieces. The piece left inside the water had
turned more brown than others. Salt rubbed apple piece also had become
brown.</div>
<div dir="auto">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRfiKASBYg0MhDs_DD5lw4-7AGTYDqtv2oTGbUKZKeJ1NISyFzcbwPdHRPnsvL-hv-eHokVVZfOHYxq6oobcLC1Uawd_t6LWru0Pj0LhJDFWN1yOLS-QWHqiLiucROv_9gImzQwP9xzDw/s1600/cutapple4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="803" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRfiKASBYg0MhDs_DD5lw4-7AGTYDqtv2oTGbUKZKeJ1NISyFzcbwPdHRPnsvL-hv-eHokVVZfOHYxq6oobcLC1Uawd_t6LWru0Pj0LhJDFWN1yOLS-QWHqiLiucROv_9gImzQwP9xzDw/s400/cutapple4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
<br /></div>
<div dir="auto">
So,
if you want your apple pieces to stay fresh you should rub it with
lemon juice. The citric acid in the lemon prevents it from reacting with
oxygen in the air .<br />
<br />
<u><b> Variations</b></u><br />
<br />
You can try the same experiment with pears, bananas, egg plants cut too . </div>
<div dir="auto">
</div>
</div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-88156091296872655142018-05-16T10:00:00.000-07:002018-05-21T03:47:10.749-07:00 Osmosis in potato<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="auto">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
<br />
<br />
After checking out my plants in the balcony, the young girl in my class had a curious question "Aunty, how do the roots know when to absorb water?".<br />
"You mean, how does water get into roots ..right?" asked my daughter walking towards the girl. <br />
"Yes, thats what I don't understand " replied the girl. Listening to their conversation I said "water enters the root hair cells by 'osmosis' and we will do an experiment to understand osmosis today". And that's how we decided to do an experiment on osmosis. <br />
<br />
<br />
What is Osmosis?<br />
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Plants absorb water from the soil by 'osmosis'. Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi permeable membrane. Water moves into plant cells through osmosis by making them turgid or stiff to hold the plants upright. Osmosis is passive transport, meaning it does not require energy to be applied. <br />
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We also discussed about how osmosis is helpful for photosynthesis as well. Otherwise the plants would wilt. After a long discussion it was time for experiment to explain the theory of osmosis. <br />
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<u><b>Osmosis experiment with potato</b></u></div>
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<b>Materials needed</b></div>
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1. Potato - 1</div>
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2. Knife</div>
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3. Bowls -2 </div>
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4. Salt - 2 tsp</div>
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5. Water - 1/2 cup<br />
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<b>Procedure</b></div>
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1. Cut 2 equal slices of potato using the knife.</div>
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2. Take 1/4 cup Water in each bowl.</div>
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3. Add the salt to one of the bowls of water and mark it as ' salt water'.</div>
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4. Put one potato slice in each bowl.</div>
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5. Leave it for 30 mins.</div>
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<b>Observation</b></div>
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After
30 mins when kids saw the potato slice, they could see the difference
in the appearance of the potato slices. The potato slice that was inside
the salt water had turned light brown color and had also become soft
where as the potato in 'plain water' was same and felt crisp . The potato slice soaking in salt water looked substantially different from the original and the other slice. It seems to have wilted, gotten very soft and flexible.<br />
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<b>What really happened?</b></div>
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Potato
slice has a semi permeable membrane. Due to Osmosis , water from the
higher concentration (potato slice) has moved to the lower concentration
( salt water). This is how water from the roots move up to the leaves
which uses it in photosynthesis and respiration.<br />
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The potato is made up of tiny, living units called cells. Each cell is surrounded by a cell membrane which acts like our skin does. It keeps the cells parts inside and keeps the other things outside protecting the cell.<br />
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While the membrane stops most things, water can pass through it. The water tends to move towards higher concentrations of dissolved chemicals. This means that if the water outside the cell is saltier than the water inside, water will move from the inside of the cell to the outside. As more and more of the cells lost water, the slice of potato became soft.<br />
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The potato slice in normal water was more firmer and bright looking. This is because, there was more salt and other dissolved chemicals within
the potato than the surrounding water . This means that the water has moved into the potato.<br />
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It was great to hear the little girl say " Now, I easily understand the process of osmosis in plants, Aunty" . With a smile on my face I simply nodded with satisfaction. <br />
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-64944066277558555112018-05-03T07:15:00.001-07:002018-05-18T08:48:25.830-07:00Microscope<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Last week our class started with discussion about what make up our
bodies, plants and all living beings. Kids knew the answer as cells.</div>
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So, the question was </div>
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1. Can we see these cells with naked eyes?.</div>
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2. So, if we have some illness , how does a doctor understand what kind of treatment to be done?.</div>
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3. If the doctor advises for blood test, what do the labs do with the blood sample?. </div>
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Depending on the type of the blood test, to see these cells, bacteria etc we need special instrument called ' microscope'. </div>
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<u><b>Microscope</b></u></div>
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Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using special instrument called 'Microscope'. The three main different types of microscope are dissection, compound and electron microscope.<span class="Y0NH2b CLPzrc g9yevd"> By using <b>microscopes</b>
scientists were able to discover the existence of microorganisms, study
the structure of cells, and see the smallest parts of plants, animals,
and fungi.</span><br />
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The microscope that we are using is compound microscope. Compound microscopes are light illuminated and the images seen are two dimensional. They were eager to know about the different
parts of the microscope, their purpose and slides with specimen. They
checked out slides with onion skin, mosquito etc. They each got to see
it by themselves.We then made our temporary slides of leaf, hair, sugar, salt crystals. </div>
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One of the students had brought a dead fly because he had checked with me earlier to find out what activity I was planning to teach. It sure was good to see kids coming prepared.<img alt="☺" data-goomoji="263a" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/e/263a" style="margin: 0 0.2ex; max-height: 24px; vertical-align: middle;" />
Though, it was gross for some of us, all of us enjoyed looking at the bug through the
microscope.<br />
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Curious to see what is on their skin, they even tried looking at their fingers through the microscope which was too thick for it to be visible. They were confused and wanted to know the reason.<br />
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Do you know why you can not see your fingers directly under the microscope?<br />
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You can see the objects under the microscope only when when light passes through them. Opaque objects are not visible. So, we then
made a temporary slide of their finger print. <br />
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To see the leaf structure we also made a slide of a leaf by cutting the cross section of the leaf. It was easy for the students to relate to because they had studied about the stomata, epidermis etc. To see it through the microscope was impressive for them.<br />
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Please note that to see clearly through the microscope, you need to keep the whole set up outside in natural light . It was exciting for kids to observe through the microscope. </div>
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-66280366966944291042018-03-20T08:02:00.002-07:002018-03-25T22:22:00.490-07:00Crystal snowflake ornaments!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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It was that time of the year; the joyful Christmas season. The kids wished to make some ornaments for their Christmas trees. To involve science in this activity [as usual ;-) ], I planned to show them 'crystal snowflake ornaments'.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW5NrUSWYZGRO20Zr4kjL8JhwAenJhJXmYxdTm0-iGbFU8UKJElLIXVyVzNkwkswvs7td-2CJ1-UirHg01yds1Rs0vx1nGTV2afEYKNM92GguDzOk0Bv0ggNwB11T6jjdSt-r3UGOYFfY/s1600/IMG_20161201_163323_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="698" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW5NrUSWYZGRO20Zr4kjL8JhwAenJhJXmYxdTm0-iGbFU8UKJElLIXVyVzNkwkswvs7td-2CJ1-UirHg01yds1Rs0vx1nGTV2afEYKNM92GguDzOk0Bv0ggNwB11T6jjdSt-r3UGOYFfY/s400/IMG_20161201_163323_HDR.jpg" width="395" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Materials needed </b></u><br />
<br />
1. Borax powder - 3 tbsp<br />
2. Water - 1 cup<br />
3. Pipe cleaners - 2 [colors of your choice]<br />
4. Strings - 2<br />
5. Pencils - 2.<br />
6. Bottles - 2. <br />
7. Food colors - 2 drops (optional) <br />
<br />
<u><b>Procedure</b></u><br />
<br />
1. Boil a cup of water and mix the borax powder in it to make a borax solution.<br />
2. Add food color [optional].<br />
3. Take a pipe cleaner and twist it into a star shape to give it a snowflake figure.<br />
4. Pour the borax solution into a bottle or a glass. <br />
4. Hang the pipe cleaner inside the borax solution using a string and a pencil.<br />
5. Leave this setup undisturbed in a place for a day or two.<br />
6. Your beautiful crystal ornament is ready for hanging!<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFea3Zoc4mbr8k7Z7OlL35ue-fxo7jU8ChVbtcG_TzJO0D_ap1xLss1UubNlNrvS1zpcEAtgimY_SDyyHKqjT6hN81crPOFiILhpm_1AtHrhV314Rv7P4Te6lUgjn6_V2LJNNgJibLPU/s1600/IMG_20161128_191010_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="853" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsFea3Zoc4mbr8k7Z7OlL35ue-fxo7jU8ChVbtcG_TzJO0D_ap1xLss1UubNlNrvS1zpcEAtgimY_SDyyHKqjT6hN81crPOFiILhpm_1AtHrhV314Rv7P4Te6lUgjn6_V2LJNNgJibLPU/s400/IMG_20161128_191010_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cut 3 equal pieces of a pipe cleaner</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbzcrP9SwTGxY9txwcocft-g7HUOrr5DCidxmHz7L4wZ_A6OyhoIq-6ow8LxrrCyS3kPdbTXTvlcxCJcz80SGlKlZeihDj8DLcAAcJzi5fMlCcs1bHOwhSupPubb-5kpxRGK3qMlEi0_U/s1600/IMG_20161128_191240_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="718" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbzcrP9SwTGxY9txwcocft-g7HUOrr5DCidxmHz7L4wZ_A6OyhoIq-6ow8LxrrCyS3kPdbTXTvlcxCJcz80SGlKlZeihDj8DLcAAcJzi5fMlCcs1bHOwhSupPubb-5kpxRGK3qMlEi0_U/s400/IMG_20161128_191240_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Twist them together to make a star shape</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLGJ2EGd4VhAX4MsZi2IWv_SJKJk5tGOniwV33OhidxgavdJ-6wa_9PvGg9YHuIf0kCNdsqN3wX3WoF0CMGJn8YnwqDUHpyrSE7_YSDzwg6vRmOvo9tNeYI46P-2Z55ftUQ2z9DSl6dg4/s1600/IMG_20161128_192147_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLGJ2EGd4VhAX4MsZi2IWv_SJKJk5tGOniwV33OhidxgavdJ-6wa_9PvGg9YHuIf0kCNdsqN3wX3WoF0CMGJn8YnwqDUHpyrSE7_YSDzwg6vRmOvo9tNeYI46P-2Z55ftUQ2z9DSl6dg4/s400/IMG_20161128_192147_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hang it inside the solution using a string and a pencil</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8yyt0G4xGY2b2g-6ItmHPaNhrx-fChXNLtlCNo87W4zdDEhJ-gnhCmhEClxBUh8XgjpZyool_-toA6ioZtrsfSAPry0sVHiECEvLM44WoNfhZDWJTaJjO0NUVWSpBhy0B_ez3Nt8ESo/s1600/IMG_20161129_180442_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="725" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjl8yyt0G4xGY2b2g-6ItmHPaNhrx-fChXNLtlCNo87W4zdDEhJ-gnhCmhEClxBUh8XgjpZyool_-toA6ioZtrsfSAPry0sVHiECEvLM44WoNfhZDWJTaJjO0NUVWSpBhy0B_ez3Nt8ESo/s400/IMG_20161129_180442_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Leave the setup undisturbed for a day or two</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6CAwCImdO95RcSz3gIJPONstHGDycM-SYGMbULkPv1ciSKo6khyZEX8KfMy42cXvaoBSe75aHou4bpARC-lGxcBoz-8vRo0G32ncKFiMKfZkKNDIwDCPH5EfkQIvM49JGn4VIaBwLp7Y/s1600/IMG_20161201_163525_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="1007" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6CAwCImdO95RcSz3gIJPONstHGDycM-SYGMbULkPv1ciSKo6khyZEX8KfMy42cXvaoBSe75aHou4bpARC-lGxcBoz-8vRo0G32ncKFiMKfZkKNDIwDCPH5EfkQIvM49JGn4VIaBwLp7Y/s640/IMG_20161201_163525_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Beautiful snowflake crystals ready to be hanged!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b>How does it work?</b><br />
<br />
When water boils, the water molecules move apart giving space for the borax molecules to dissolve in. So naturally, when they cool down, the molecules slow down and come together. The dissolved borax settles to form borax crystals on the pipe cleaner. Crystals come together in a specific, repeated patterns due to the shape of the molecules forming them. You will see these crystals on the bottom of the container and arms of the pipe cleaner.<br />
<br />
Your Christmas ornaments are ready to be shown off!<b> </b></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-47060335847608325982018-03-20T05:26:00.000-07:002018-04-03T03:46:09.117-07:00Can the ocean freeze?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Last year we had been to Leh, Ladakh. There the tour guide was explaining to us how the Zanskar river freezes during winter where visitors go for trekking on the frozen river.<br />
<br />
<img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Sangam.ladakh.jpg" class="shrinkToFit" height="266" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Sangam.ladakh.jpg" width="400" /><br />
<br />
It was amusing to my son who asked me, if Pacific ocean would also freeze just like the rivers in Leh. I replied to him to think about it and promised that we would do an experiment to verify when we get back home. So, to explain to him I decided to the following experiment in the class. <br />
<br />
<u><b>Ocean Freeze</b></u><br />
<br />
The experiment was about salt water freezing. We had a discussion about why the ocean does not freeze at 0 degrees. Kids came up with different reasons. Guess what they were! <br />
<br />
There are 4 main factors for that.<br />
<br />
1. High concentration of salt in the ocean water lowers the freezing point from 0 degrees to -2 degree centigrade.<br />
<br />
2. The constant motion of the ocean currents keeps the water molecules from freezing into ice crystals.<br />
<br />
3.
The larger the volume of water, the more heat has to be removed in
order to freeze it. A teaspoon of water placed in the freezer will
become completely solid long before a gallon jug of water.<br />
<br />
4.
Earth's internal heating ....As miners dig into the earth they feel
very hot though it is farther away from the sunlight. The reason for
this is that the earth has its own internal heat source which is driven
primarily by the nuclear decay of elements inside earth's mantle.<br />
<br />
To test out if the salt in the water does affect the freezing point of water we did a small experiment.<br />
<br />
We took a popsicle mould and poured into each slot different liquids.<br />
<br />
<b>Procedure</b><br />
<br />
1. We mixed 2 tsps of salt in 50 ml of water for 1 popsicle mould.<br />
2. Mixed 4 tsps of salt in another 50 ml water for another mould.<br />
3. Plain 50 ml water for the third mould.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq1meIp_6IvjzEXg08Sa3A-PlKt1-LLc_tcIxq0bPtP92s55mKDJqfBmsbUkNJWLdYzoQyTeMW-XuVwEBQZnaO71raSq89WxBQsrEqHWqWjC6EQnABcBD6RKE8zkE9kC_51LS1_HqBuXE/s1600/ocean+freeze1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjq1meIp_6IvjzEXg08Sa3A-PlKt1-LLc_tcIxq0bPtP92s55mKDJqfBmsbUkNJWLdYzoQyTeMW-XuVwEBQZnaO71raSq89WxBQsrEqHWqWjC6EQnABcBD6RKE8zkE9kC_51LS1_HqBuXE/s400/ocean+freeze1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Salt dissolved in water</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixnJmPmq5ZJLO3mS_a29YDsYhHylqZ1qClvsU-Nvwi7EPtYuyRNzVb55WDIjUZggkz3jgbFQouNZ385vbGTxzojU19RIVq9uPX0k7Uk-QX5vw0f7KAp-P7UAisy767Yx6nv3ITCjuOR-Y/s1600/ocean+freeze2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="704" data-original-width="891" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixnJmPmq5ZJLO3mS_a29YDsYhHylqZ1qClvsU-Nvwi7EPtYuyRNzVb55WDIjUZggkz3jgbFQouNZ385vbGTxzojU19RIVq9uPX0k7Uk-QX5vw0f7KAp-P7UAisy767Yx6nv3ITCjuOR-Y/s400/ocean+freeze2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">2 different concentration of salt solution and one plain water popsicle</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<img class="SzDcob" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLDBH-rgoKP5kqJ5NkZU0lBLrf0axYGEXMwb5Yt8aF0s9kIOok5ANHZvLlskkyqCS5my2yM2A7meureZ0Y4AvGwY4oF6zJYH7kHr75CyuEhyphenhyphenajGDiNfXhqMVl1E7S6rIYZRuUv8ojuSUk/w946-h625-no/" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="400" /><br />
<br />
<br />
We
kept it in the freezer all at once. After about 4 hrs later we checked
to find out that the plain water had frozen, 2tsp salt dissolved water
had partly frozen whereas the 4tsp salt dissolved water was watery
still.<br />
<br />
<br />
<img class="SzDcob" height="366" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/cs9VaSJ0vzEvwMYM4akbi-_lcYAZ-aN_7FQXevHeJsxMQqVMAPEPjDZ1F5Hts7IusglUj-TtGg=w1052-h602-no" width="640" /><br />
<br />
So, our hypothesis about salt water proved to be right. <br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-77831505556050410622018-03-10T08:41:00.000-08:002018-03-26T02:55:27.096-07:00The hoop glider!!!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMuiJVdRC-jFaCJUZ6Kx6DQTFJjx9RD1b4aSuTpoSSZW9kLcmz4Qt4dK02c7eUPkkW7Yhe8_4qTJF_Gf7tbQnGHlF2vfVUibGQzaRpBDsuX3O58BT0uWo5pNuI9xowkXGc4kt1z-jSac0/s1600/IMG_20161201_162905_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="706" data-original-width="290" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMuiJVdRC-jFaCJUZ6Kx6DQTFJjx9RD1b4aSuTpoSSZW9kLcmz4Qt4dK02c7eUPkkW7Yhe8_4qTJF_Gf7tbQnGHlF2vfVUibGQzaRpBDsuX3O58BT0uWo5pNuI9xowkXGc4kt1z-jSac0/s640/IMG_20161201_162905_HDR.jpg" width="260" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Our activity started with kids imagining to go to school by a car, that is environmental friendly and flies in the air. One of them said , if he lived on a mountain and the school was in a valley he would do paragliding. So, we talked about gliders and how they fly without motors.Gliders always descend relative to the air in which they are flying. Para gliders, hand gliders are some of the gliders that we see these days.<br />
<br />
<u><b><br /></b></u>
<u><b>What are Gliders?</b></u><br />
<br />
Gliders are a type of aircraft which do not have engine, but use the wing design and air flow to fly around.<br />
<br />
Now, it was time for them to build one themselves, but using a different design and shape that they had seen. I gave them a straw to throw, which did not go very far. As they were brain storming, the idea of adding loops instead of the wings came to them. They were quick to decide that they would need 2 hoops instead of one to make it fly for some time. That is how kids made a hoop glider. It worked really well.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7Y-pqwifWFArvBgGF84WJxcIYuiYi93UNweF_LOw4B3Wv4ZzkBS7yb2NBSXSJlRcXdcrx340TuzmeI-cnPIKFk9O1O2E_ajTFNPbeQ3PtnAQuqoEgyBLR4ni8nuGNY2O6_Jcc0TYfMc/s1600/IMG_20161201_162844_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="875" height="513" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7Y-pqwifWFArvBgGF84WJxcIYuiYi93UNweF_LOw4B3Wv4ZzkBS7yb2NBSXSJlRcXdcrx340TuzmeI-cnPIKFk9O1O2E_ajTFNPbeQ3PtnAQuqoEgyBLR4ni8nuGNY2O6_Jcc0TYfMc/s640/IMG_20161201_162844_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">design for making the two hoops glider</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<u><b>Materials needed</b></u><br />
<br />
1. Plastic drinking straws<br />
2. Chart or card paper<br />
3. Tape<br />
4. Scissors<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFbF5-Fh9Lg_Y0ZIAbblrUuFT7H1KWLGZVG6hq1PWO3lPMtiL9FAFiu3dA509sJG5s1Hz2vlXBJG1hc-QHwqd0lUt3_9JINRUQV-aHX2tevo69YhNd8t-kmJX9834pPHfiV6YOhfk7iFM/s1600/IMG_20161129_173355_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFbF5-Fh9Lg_Y0ZIAbblrUuFT7H1KWLGZVG6hq1PWO3lPMtiL9FAFiu3dA509sJG5s1Hz2vlXBJG1hc-QHwqd0lUt3_9JINRUQV-aHX2tevo69YhNd8t-kmJX9834pPHfiV6YOhfk7iFM/s400/IMG_20161129_173355_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kids are busy working on their gliders</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<u><b>Procedure</b></u><br />
<br />
1. Cut 2 strips of paper. Make one strip 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide and 5 inches long and the other strip 1 inch wide and 10 inches long.<br />
2. Curl each strip into a hoop. Overlap the paper before sticking them together using the cello tape. You will have one small and one big hoop.<br />
3. Attach the hoops to the straw. Make sure you attach the small loop on the top and big loop on the bottom end of the straw.<br />
4. Hold your straw in the middle and throw it like a spear with the small hoop in the front.<br />
5. How far does your glider go?.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Variations </b></u><br />
<br />
Now that kids had fun throwing the hoop glider and measuring the distance it had glided they gave the following ideas for variations such as<br />
<br />
1. Change the length of the straw.<br />
2. Increase the number of hoops<br />
3. Make equal sizes of hoop.<br />
4. Increase the glider weight.<br />
5. Change the placement of the loops on the straw.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When kids tried out the experiment following are the observations they had observed.<br />
<br />
1. Increasing the loops to 3 hoops made the glider nose dive and didn't fly well.<br />
2. The longer straw glided better than the shorter ones.<br />
3. Equal sizes of loops glided the same distance as the original one.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtfbAAGR93VlC2PbMZ9B6vfkq9OQhVmDTtG_89G9J_Mi4wjPK3sCWUK09PP1Q_5R-Vsp32H66DtBz_03N-E6L_WJXmYkUpzZsdboP882tJAOk08BmZSIj6vdOytZ-iv_lBQeFbHlzfipA/s1600/IMG_20161201_162747_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="899" height="499" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtfbAAGR93VlC2PbMZ9B6vfkq9OQhVmDTtG_89G9J_Mi4wjPK3sCWUK09PP1Q_5R-Vsp32H66DtBz_03N-E6L_WJXmYkUpzZsdboP882tJAOk08BmZSIj6vdOytZ-iv_lBQeFbHlzfipA/s640/IMG_20161201_162747_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Various types of gliders</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-82181493696949766192017-11-18T03:57:00.000-08:002018-04-02T06:20:14.444-07:00Pitch and Volume<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Since we had done previous activities with sound, kids were familiar of the fact that sound waves travel through air are longitudinal waves with compression and rarefaction. Just to brush up their memory, we reviewed some of the concepts such as<b> </b><br />
<br />
<b> How the sound is produced?</b><br />
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Sound is produced when something vibrates. The vibrating body produces sound waves or vibrations in the medium (water, air, etc) around it to vibrate. Vibrations in air are called longitudinal waves, which we are able to hear. These sound waves have high and low pressure areas called compression and rarefaction.<br />
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<b>Why is the sound called longitudinal wave?</b><br />
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Sound waves are called longitudinal, because particles of the medium through which sound travels moves parallel to the direction of the sound waves.<br />
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Here, with the help of the slinky it can be shown how sound waves move. To make it simple, for the kids to understand pitch and volume, the following demonstration can be done using an elastic rubber band .<br />
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<b>Pitch and Volume</b><br />
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Materials needed<br />
<br />
1. Big rubber band - 1<br />
2. Board with a clip -1 <br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Procedure</b><br />
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1. Take a big rubber band and cut it to make it like a long string.<br />
2. Attach one end of the rubber band to the clip on the clip board.<br />
3. Hold the rubber band and pluck it. You will hear vibrations.<br />
4. As you hold and stretch it harder, you will hear the pitch increase.<br />
5. To increase the volume, you have to pull the rubber band horizontally.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyHx66bfriW8SZNf83IprJ2mNDSJc_PNbDK2ik2NO3PCE9BN7UweeYpQwLm-N2g1G5Yo8pKWNpSDW97lg1MpcUPbLL6wnXkZaOybhA-9H5R88IN1rdik08eaoE1vey4K6E7NOncrFVIKQ/s1600/IMG_20170111_171533_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="630" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyHx66bfriW8SZNf83IprJ2mNDSJc_PNbDK2ik2NO3PCE9BN7UweeYpQwLm-N2g1G5Yo8pKWNpSDW97lg1MpcUPbLL6wnXkZaOybhA-9H5R88IN1rdik08eaoE1vey4K6E7NOncrFVIKQ/s640/IMG_20170111_171533_HDR.jpg" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">vibrating rubber band when plucked</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1OrXmZ8kXWFuiWK75tNZ_ac82pePLQ9xzgAdJptNNyKvOiE_c6RzfhfTBm4xO5fGIv5GszHGPJ2cQ0ITHrprXSYQ6Zb-n4WABvRUobbLejSy2fYRYeJkZzXyUpTVdeQVp_fkQuW9m450/s1600/IMG_20170111_171511_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="597" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1OrXmZ8kXWFuiWK75tNZ_ac82pePLQ9xzgAdJptNNyKvOiE_c6RzfhfTBm4xO5fGIv5GszHGPJ2cQ0ITHrprXSYQ6Zb-n4WABvRUobbLejSy2fYRYeJkZzXyUpTVdeQVp_fkQuW9m450/s640/IMG_20170111_171511_HDR.jpg" width="540" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pitch increases when the rubber band is stretched and plucked</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGKbqaevEK3GmJlsgGCT6hu9ZAk-vQRQ0nGFEJRaFH5rdfxR7wG6kaVq-tw3t6t0azwrDUaEfLZt-axAcRxHfiMaQbjEf4DEYufm88kpnmUSj3KEpdcWDVQuKkQc3-hZdNB9jDCMdfPxw/s1600/rubber+band+pulled.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="529" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGKbqaevEK3GmJlsgGCT6hu9ZAk-vQRQ0nGFEJRaFH5rdfxR7wG6kaVq-tw3t6t0azwrDUaEfLZt-axAcRxHfiMaQbjEf4DEYufm88kpnmUSj3KEpdcWDVQuKkQc3-hZdNB9jDCMdfPxw/s640/rubber+band+pulled.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Volume increases when it is pulled horizontally</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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After some serious science concepts, time to chill out with "singing wine glasses". Yes, you read it right!<br />
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<b>Singing wine glasses</b><br />
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Using wine glasses you can make a high pitched sound, by rubbing it with water. When the rubbing matches the 'resonant frequency' of the glass it would make a sharp noise.<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwWyhLTmvA0CvcWGblKAibIBEsOAlt_xXXQqg9Y7jJ0fT0B0-lb8_RBis4OBR4fh3Svmjk5tFw7HuLkA8SrXA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
<br />
<br />
We made it into an experiment by doing it with 3 different glasses.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>Materials needed</b><br />
<br />
1. Wine glasses - 3<br />
2. Water - 1 cup<br />
3. Rice - 1 cup<br />
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<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47y1xn3nfyoNGSZDcukWQnAzB5ZZESosUN6M1tSPopPgz1-xD_Ch_TMEYMYecnRxJH9jeXaZ6mtiIFb2DzpRiLpnkwP82y0FX-uYWq3oHtH8S2ouJslsVPMmCRmA_8jQ9uoF-mu9nsdI/s1600/wine+glasses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj47y1xn3nfyoNGSZDcukWQnAzB5ZZESosUN6M1tSPopPgz1-xD_Ch_TMEYMYecnRxJH9jeXaZ6mtiIFb2DzpRiLpnkwP82y0FX-uYWq3oHtH8S2ouJslsVPMmCRmA_8jQ9uoF-mu9nsdI/s640/wine+glasses.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Procedure</b><br />
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1. Have 3 empty wine glasses on a table.<br />
2. Add water in one of the cups and rice in the other one.<br />
3. Slightly wet your fingers and rub it against the rim of the wine glass.<br />
4. Observe the sound produced in all the three wine glasses (empty, water & rice filled).<br />
5. Note, the change in pitch of the sound produced in each glass. <br />
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<b>Variations </b><br />
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You can use different levels of water (1/4, 1/2 , 3/4 cups filled) in a glass and observe the pitch changes. The more the water added, lower the pitch of the sound produced. This is due to the fact that, more the water volume, it makes the glass walls hard to vibrate and there by produce lower pitch sound. <br />
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Find different glasses, change the water levels to produce each note of the musical scale. You can play a simple song with a your glass harp. <br />
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-82251531743683077182017-05-11T04:24:00.083-07:002021-01-25T17:30:44.032-08:00Membranophone and other sound activities <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Kids were given tasks to find out<br />
<br />
1. Why animals such as rabbits, deer and fox have two long rotating ears? (rotates independently to hear sound from all directions). <br />
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2. How mammals such as whales and bats use their listening skills for echo location?<br />
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<b>Echo location</b><br />
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Echo location is the use of sound waves and echoes to find the location of objects in space. Bats use this to navigate and find food in the dark. To echo locate, they produce sound waves through nose or mouth, which when hit by an object produces echoes. Bats listen to the echoes and figure out the shape, size and the location of the prey.<br />
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<img alt="Image result for bats - echo location" class="irc_mi" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chiroptera_echolocation.svg/2000px-Chiroptera_echolocation.svg.png" style="margin-top: 0px;" width="400" /> <br />
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Even dolphins use the same technique to find food and navigate in the dark. Dolphins produce high frequency clicks that quickly travel through water. In fact, sound waves travel five times faster in water than they do through air. <br />
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After a healthy amount of interaction about animals, it was time to test it why we have two ears, and how it helps in our hearing.<br />
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<b>Materials needed</b><br />
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1. small hose pipe ( 3 foot length) -1<b> </b><br />
2. a pencil or a small fork or butter knife - 1<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fKGXOPnbegKCDoPxBeMnQ1Ai4O0XD0lmseNb01MyWtoN8a_QlJUdlY6PLGTuhIO1rxmL-A8hoeacWlja9oSZzAis09W0TA31bGr866vNzRqSmC9R_FmNbpJo8pSOwSAVoyLXH0W3bHU/s1600/two+ears.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="930" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8fKGXOPnbegKCDoPxBeMnQ1Ai4O0XD0lmseNb01MyWtoN8a_QlJUdlY6PLGTuhIO1rxmL-A8hoeacWlja9oSZzAis09W0TA31bGr866vNzRqSmC9R_FmNbpJo8pSOwSAVoyLXH0W3bHU/s400/two+ears.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b>Procedure</b><br />
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In this experiment, students were paired up to hear sound through hose pipe. They had to hold the ends of the hose to cover up both ears, and the hose itself was behind the ears. A partner stood behind a student and tapped anywhere on the hose with a pencil. Students, tried to guess whether the tapping was closer to the right or left ear. They were told to observe, how far does it have move away from the midpoint of the hose before they can hear closer to one ear than the other.<br />
They tried it several times with partner tapping on different places.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjssbsByTUyHhkyhpjfxcz7hjtfJRpP-NwvVl-n6IL-dD-fxnizKkZlUtb_eFY-rXNu5lPbJ1IGHwl7mzBVrISm6VyoE2Ga9M_toPFKN2nL4KWY6ciuWWh4ZUOfTIC0Uk6TrEejI-bb-Z4/s1600/two+ears+2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="793" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjssbsByTUyHhkyhpjfxcz7hjtfJRpP-NwvVl-n6IL-dD-fxnizKkZlUtb_eFY-rXNu5lPbJ1IGHwl7mzBVrISm6VyoE2Ga9M_toPFKN2nL4KWY6ciuWWh4ZUOfTIC0Uk6TrEejI-bb-Z4/s400/two+ears+2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Students tried to listen with one ear closed</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Finally, students tried to listen with only one ear. Is it difficult to locate the source with one ear?<br />
Yes, they understood the difference between listening with one ear versus two ears. They found it difficult to guess which direction the sound was coming from.<br />
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If you listen to the tube with only one ear, you will not be able to
detect whether the tapping is slightly to one side or the other of the
middle of the tube. However, you may be able to detect when the tapping
is close to your ear and when it is far away. <br />
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<b>Explanation</b><br />
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Two ears helps us to locate the source in different ways. Sounds enter into different canals and once they reach the lower part of the brain convert into nerve impulses. A very complex mixing takes place after which some impulses reach one part of the brain, some to the other part of the brain and some to both the parts. This allows us to experience "three dimensional" hearing just like you can see the depth of perception with both the eyes. Directional 3D hearing is not possible with only one ear to hear. We can experience it clearly while watching movies in theaters with stereo effect.</div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /></div><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Sound travel through metals</h3><div><br /></div><div>Molecules in solids are closely packed (dense ), hence the vibrations in solids are easily passed from one molecule to the other. Following is a very simple experiment, but kids will be thrilled to hear the effect. </div><div><br /></div><div><b>Materials</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div>1. Jute yarn or any yarn - 2 </div><div>2. Stainless steel table spoon -1</div><div>3. Metal cloth hanger - 1</div><div><br /></div><div><b>Procedure</b></div><div><br /></div><div>1. Try listening to the yarn by just strumming it. </div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWHWeBzyeTf-2eeAGBLEXtonk6THXmTsku03h1I03tiKhUegKOlFWRG0PbSx2T10hygy8wx7YceqnWRhV2yMvXhZe3GiooQ0IH4Z6KGtzdguN1C4IxrJUhVYOyg0gVT3OKU3G_BV-t-Jw/s725/IMG_20161025_172521_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="625" data-original-width="725" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWHWeBzyeTf-2eeAGBLEXtonk6THXmTsku03h1I03tiKhUegKOlFWRG0PbSx2T10hygy8wx7YceqnWRhV2yMvXhZe3GiooQ0IH4Z6KGtzdguN1C4IxrJUhVYOyg0gVT3OKU3G_BV-t-Jw/s320/IMG_20161025_172521_HDR.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><div><br /></div><div>2.Tie the yarn to the 2 ends of the metal hanger . You can also use a big spoon if you don't have a metal hanger.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitfiE-SSKrgAr5pawZbQRqZcZgkl9XrYCmrKDNEI-Ee7MrjWQgokUPV3V9Hd4zt8BdtgrNRkEYbs0pOPyLA6Yv3CPy8c0obeq19tMOsgnipnIf-W3D85Gixl5QY46MWnBKSE54DK88Gk8/s568/VID_20161025_172922.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="331" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitfiE-SSKrgAr5pawZbQRqZcZgkl9XrYCmrKDNEI-Ee7MrjWQgokUPV3V9Hd4zt8BdtgrNRkEYbs0pOPyLA6Yv3CPy8c0obeq19tMOsgnipnIf-W3D85Gixl5QY46MWnBKSE54DK88Gk8/s320/VID_20161025_172922.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>3. Using the metal spoon tell your buddy to tap the metal hanger, or alternatively you can tap the hanger to a cupboard.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy3BoGKf_2-cp0k4SAyhHPWlThUc3KNwQeOhT8bKYAjm8AsDEs15pjlfZJ-zenLwc6Ubi_5WkpAxMqth31sJA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>4. Closely listen to the sound in your ears. </div><div><br /></div><div><b> Observation</b></div><div><br /></div><div>As you tap the hanger on to a table or tap it with a spoon you will hear the sound louder in your ears. This is due to sound amplifying in the metal hanger and travelling to your ears through the yarn. </div><div><br /></div><div><div dir="auto">To make it fun we did the following activities by making membranophone and water whistle. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">Water Whistle</h3><div dir="auto"><b>Materials</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Straw - 1</div><div dir="auto">2. Scissor -1</div><div dir="auto">3. Tall glass - 1 (with water in it)</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Procedure</b></div><div dir="auto"><b><br /></b></div><div dir="auto">1. Using a scissor , 1/3 of the way down the straw partially cut the straw. </div><div dir="auto">2. Bend it at the right angle , but do not break the straw.</div><div dir="auto">3. Put the straw inside the glass with 3/4 cup water. </div><div dir="auto">4. Place your lips on the shorter end of the straw and blow air ...</div><div dir="auto">5. What do you hear?</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz4V70omC5OkIYbvS25fTcNjPwTRd3xCckAM2rMYZI_3jaaf4Carf-RHeHEdovbV-VHo3svSvsdTCB1BBal3A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Observation and explanation</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">When you blow air across the longer part of the straw you are making the column of air inside the straw to vibrate. This air column creates the whistling sound. You can change the pitch of the sound by moving the straw out of the water. If there is more air inside the straw the pitch is lower.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><h3 style="text-align: left;">Water bottle membranophone</h3><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">It is an instrument that produces sound when the stretched membrane is vibrating. </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Materials</b></div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto">1. Empty water bottle - 1.</div><div dir="auto">2.Latex gloves or big balloon - 1</div><div dir="auto">3. Hole puncher -1</div><div dir="auto">4.Scissor -1</div><div dir="auto">5. construction paper -1.</div><div dir="auto">6. Rubber band -1</div><div dir="auto">7. Straw -1 </div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Procedure</b></div><div dir="auto">1. Cut the bottle in half. Make sure it has smoother edges.</div><div dir="auto">2. Take a hole puncher or a nail and make a hole away from the cut edge just enough for a straw to fit in. </div><div dir="auto">3. Cut the finger parts of the gloves and stretch it across the cut side of the bottle. </div><div dir="auto">4. Using the rubber band wrap it around and secure the glove in place</div><div dir="auto">5. Unscrew the cap and remove it.</div><div dir="auto">6. Roll the construction paper into a roll and secure it snug fit inside the neck of the bottle.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3_nt5WoEMGoC0pPXhOABX8SFvxYeU1YqGzPfFvqHdDhEoUuTSf1_dnanaBxAoNs0-WF-aqqP7RMKYKQB08R5mZGhuj7DYqNEoVuYE1M_N20uoSJxYfHdSV9Q_YZT1W-fl_Vg_2gNCR6I/s918/IMG_20191120_180509.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="918" data-original-width="593" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3_nt5WoEMGoC0pPXhOABX8SFvxYeU1YqGzPfFvqHdDhEoUuTSf1_dnanaBxAoNs0-WF-aqqP7RMKYKQB08R5mZGhuj7DYqNEoVuYE1M_N20uoSJxYfHdSV9Q_YZT1W-fl_Vg_2gNCR6I/s320/IMG_20191120_180509.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div dir="auto">7. Insert the straw into the hole punched before. Blow into the straw and play membranophone music now.</div><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyptiSQnvBU6TmrVl8J3QC2hnkVNB24o0zib7eyJd42hmLuDOy4faUKeTJen229d0d-RrphqJ2djEUZFGx4bw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br /><div dir="auto"><br /></div><div dir="auto"><b>Observation and explanation </b></div><div dir="auto"><b><br /></b></div><div dir="auto">As you blow into the straw you create pressure between the inner wall of the bottle and the outer wall of the construction paper. That pressure forces the membrane to rise allowing air into the top of the tube and escape from the bottom.</div></div><div dir="auto"></div></div>
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-29469860624205063452017-05-10T02:16:00.000-07:002018-04-02T06:52:38.400-07:00Simple Sound Activities<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
We started our first activity by simply listening to the sounds around us both near and far. We then blindfolded our eyes and tried listening to the same sounds again.<br />
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Kids were able to observe keenly and also answer<br />
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1. What were the sounds they heard?<br />
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2. How far the sound was coming from and also the direction it was coming from?<br />
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3. What object was making the sound?<br />
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They also realized that their listening ability was much better when blindfolded. We then discussed about how different shapes of animal ears such as rabbit, elephants, dogs, cats are, their functions and how they use it. We talked about echo location used by bats and aquatic animals such as dolphins, whales too.<br />
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To test their keen listening and observing skills we did the following activity.<br />
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<b><u>Materials needed </u></b><br />
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1. Plastic cup<br />
2. glass cup<br />
3. Melanine cup<br />
4. Stainless steel cup<br />
5. small knife or a fork<br />
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<b>Procedure</b><br />
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1. Blind fold one student<b>.</b><br />
2. Lightly tap one glass at a time.<br />
3. Let the blindfolded student identify from which cup the sound was coming from?.<br />
4. Tap randomly and see if the student is able to identify well.<br />
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Kids had a great time doing this activity. This is a simple activity that can be done with younger kids.<br />
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After this activity kids had questions<br />
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<b> How is sound made?</b><br />
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Sound is made when something moves or vibrates. This movement starts the sound wave in the surrounding air. For example, when a drumstick hits a drum the flexible skin of the drum vibrates up and down. The skin's vibration makes a sound by moving the air above it. <br />
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<b> How does sound travel through air?</b><br />
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Sound in air is made when air molecules vibrate and move (away from the source of sound) in a pattern called sound waves. Sound waves are mechanical waves that travel in all directions in waves of compressions and rarefactions (expansion).<br />
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<b> Can we see sound waves with our eyes?</b><br />
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No, we can't. This is due to our eyes being the receptors of electromagnetic waves and therefore can't see. Sound waves are nothing but the expanding and contracting air.<br />
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With a simple experiment <b>we can see sound. </b>Yes!, you heard it right. Lets get the materials for this activity.<br />
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<b>You can see sound activity</b><br />
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<b><u>Materials needed</u></b><br />
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1. A glass bowl<br />
2. Plastic wrap<br />
3. 2 Tb spoon of raw (uncooked) rice<br />
4. A metal plate ( cookie sheet, pie pan etc)<br />
5. A metal spoon<br />
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<b>Procedure</b><br />
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1. Tear a big piece of plastic wrap bigger than the glass bowl.<br />
2. Secure the plastic wrap over the bowl. Make sure it is tight.<br />
3. Sprinkle the rice on top of the wrap.<br />
4. Hold the metal plate in air and very close to the bowl .<br />
5. Using the metal spoon bang on the metal plate like a drum watch the rice move.<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzxeka6nnxiiebK96dwwtDquY6Jifl7AZfHZBHlhMkOWGhd7a-LmXnR9fgqtQBGWJFdXq__d8kjn7FmKkToYg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<b>How it works</b><br />
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The rice moves up and down because of the vibrations caused by the sound waves from the spoon hitting the metal plate. These sound waves travel through air and when they reach the plastic wrap it makes the rice move up and down. The sound waves are also what allows us to hear the noise made by the spoon hitting the plate.<br />
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<b>I hope you enjoy doing this sound activity :-)</b><br />
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-86034804870158711882017-04-23T02:31:00.001-07:002018-04-02T04:12:25.322-07:00Peek into the beginnings of a bean stalk!<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZBJwglXMYGgTOFJ4SQw8Bx8JcWDC4fAeC_knwPB23-XDqVS41N6KYyOYIbQmzpfcUTpc9dd4pE_EctP_XNkbWXsOG0xhhyphenhyphenvN9psV281lDUFrNGKEU7r9xhH3l4gH6KGMdqQrogosn51M/s1600/beans.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="383" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZBJwglXMYGgTOFJ4SQw8Bx8JcWDC4fAeC_knwPB23-XDqVS41N6KYyOYIbQmzpfcUTpc9dd4pE_EctP_XNkbWXsOG0xhhyphenhyphenvN9psV281lDUFrNGKEU7r9xhH3l4gH6KGMdqQrogosn51M/s400/beans.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stages of bean growth</td></tr>
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After few weeks of doing experiments indoors, it was time for a field trip. Kids were all excited and had come prepared wearing shoes, cap and a bag to carry vegetables etc.<br />
Before heading out, we had a small discussion around<br />
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1. What are different ways plants grow?.<br />
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2. How vegetables, pulses, fruits grow?<br />
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3. What are different forms of cultivation?<br />
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Then, it was time for some hands on learning : A demo of bean seed growing. The kids looked at the soaked sprouted black eyed bean and other soaked beans too. They recollected seeing their moms grow sprouted green gram (belonging to the legume family). <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The sprouted green gram</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Over night soaked beans</td></tr>
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We opened one black eye bean to find how the baby plant starts growing inside the sprouted bean.<br />
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It was now easy for the kids to compare the sprout to the diagram. They could see each and every part of the bean sprout and understand their role in the growth of the plant.<br />
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<b>Testa</b><br />
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The testa is the seed covering of the bean. It is very thin but tough to protect the seed and is in different colors dependent on the variety of the bean. It has a small opening called the <b>micropyle</b> through which water enters the seed to start the germination process. <br />
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<b>Cotyledon </b> <br />
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This is the fleshiest part of the bean and covers most of the bean. It acts as a food storage for the young plant until it grows to support itself. In the middle of the two cotyledons is the tiny embryo waiting to grow.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-OC_7wbfmumvT5SntOAxTB20_S2436XC5tJdiY8maTglEbvwecqucrdyXnu7ko7eZm_Z51TkvjLw4B-0Hx1DVYqwvQC7lrjCK2iZMf7MvgPse0dC_i6LBmJa60DUsLQjHtoxuXnR1v0/s1600/parts+of+a+bean.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="529" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX-OC_7wbfmumvT5SntOAxTB20_S2436XC5tJdiY8maTglEbvwecqucrdyXnu7ko7eZm_Z51TkvjLw4B-0Hx1DVYqwvQC7lrjCK2iZMf7MvgPse0dC_i6LBmJa60DUsLQjHtoxuXnR1v0/s640/parts+of+a+bean.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Parts of a bean seed and their roles</td></tr>
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<b>Radicle</b><br />
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When water enters the embryo, the radicle starts growing, moves down and out through the micropyle, into the soil to develop as primary roots.<br />
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<b>Hilum</b><br />
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Hilum is the scar on a seed, where it was originally attached to the parent plant. It is like the 'navel' of the seed and is seen on the outer seed covering testa.<br />
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<b>Hypocotyl </b><br />
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Hypocotyl is the area between the root and cotyledons. It will grow and become part of the stem that connects to the root when the plant grows.<br />
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<b>Epicotyl </b><br />
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Epicotyl is the shoot above the cotyledons. It will grow and develop into leaves of the plant. <br />
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After learning about the seed parts, it was time to head out for some fresh air and more learning. Off to the farm with excited kids along !!! <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx93tBS5xO4Og5sSfVIYcYzIFmQyWX25cO6pI54EXgeDcITddyPpWHdQHq2ZlA-RGQdUenvV_GvnVc3SUkUbde5D09xHWLRorONIx6HYjKCAJ4cc64G4O-SUqywI563M4OhfJVeNQpLbc/s1600/At+the+farm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx93tBS5xO4Og5sSfVIYcYzIFmQyWX25cO6pI54EXgeDcITddyPpWHdQHq2ZlA-RGQdUenvV_GvnVc3SUkUbde5D09xHWLRorONIx6HYjKCAJ4cc64G4O-SUqywI563M4OhfJVeNQpLbc/s640/At+the+farm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">At the farm, looking for mango fruits</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkaLLscPokZVyDWa3MK85zIcayDGXYWuVvlZiDBUlpYu0kD6me4LrV8bYD9pFW591HFfxNNaWke03LllyzoR7h7OcwURrGKHcK2nHXRLnVdI5LrihJ11wuzkdutCKNAj1n7eFlYKbOXyI/s1600/bottle+guard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="529" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkaLLscPokZVyDWa3MK85zIcayDGXYWuVvlZiDBUlpYu0kD6me4LrV8bYD9pFW591HFfxNNaWke03LllyzoR7h7OcwURrGKHcK2nHXRLnVdI5LrihJ11wuzkdutCKNAj1n7eFlYKbOXyI/s640/bottle+guard.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bottle gourd - a vine creeper</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoWG-DD4lhJNm2DFwT2PpCMQUkUPwhhtacj0GRvMgJ4jykRbHad5PAfZvkef9rGqJnOJ-hAsCwh21DHPSHZLbOjBgAY7mUTS0h1gNaphfISxFE7H17ykYY5KHkiBMKZfY_k1HRSWacteg/s1600/White+raddish.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="529" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoWG-DD4lhJNm2DFwT2PpCMQUkUPwhhtacj0GRvMgJ4jykRbHad5PAfZvkef9rGqJnOJ-hAsCwh21DHPSHZLbOjBgAY7mUTS0h1gNaphfISxFE7H17ykYY5KHkiBMKZfY_k1HRSWacteg/s640/White+raddish.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">White raddish - a root vegetable</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT8zrM7RWZ3vKiM0OHTjZatuCqV5_m2HTubGJL-RDdOzAYbwBzgBCyN43njpA2aUIEy8wBlCGpJy8P1H0_QtcrqHRaVY7h-abm8G7QaB7JCEyw87StMAWM253mr_98umEBELYuiLkN5D4/s1600/ladies+finger.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="529" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT8zrM7RWZ3vKiM0OHTjZatuCqV5_m2HTubGJL-RDdOzAYbwBzgBCyN43njpA2aUIEy8wBlCGpJy8P1H0_QtcrqHRaVY7h-abm8G7QaB7JCEyw87StMAWM253mr_98umEBELYuiLkN5D4/s640/ladies+finger.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ladies finger growing against gravity :-)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyQlyNGsde4k_vwISYcW_iLxTewoz61atdQm94D2cxFd0n53ehCFNuiprhrLEsMERY0q7eIPeuUQsIlwVVEdHqr_zmsLAKmXKxzEbUYVfkhMWmZN66pHNvMHCYztvi84pJ4SZ6PhDhgac/s1600/maize+palnt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyQlyNGsde4k_vwISYcW_iLxTewoz61atdQm94D2cxFd0n53ehCFNuiprhrLEsMERY0q7eIPeuUQsIlwVVEdHqr_zmsLAKmXKxzEbUYVfkhMWmZN66pHNvMHCYztvi84pJ4SZ6PhDhgac/s640/maize+palnt.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Maize Plants</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6NKpJcKqrR_s2Sz0-YrNYmrBGJuXUpVu5XEKMuMVLWaoKz8nlUc-BtP5kp5CqEaiDqAra6-dgWLTBoBmi9n-zQ6vSnuuXVhux0B7oHAJv9xgUlS-C1mNrtd_MGvTrtqQUvLMGu59hJg/s1600/farm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJ6NKpJcKqrR_s2Sz0-YrNYmrBGJuXUpVu5XEKMuMVLWaoKz8nlUc-BtP5kp5CqEaiDqAra6-dgWLTBoBmi9n-zQ6vSnuuXVhux0B7oHAJv9xgUlS-C1mNrtd_MGvTrtqQUvLMGu59hJg/s640/farm.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cucumber planted in a row</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCl4BRMxMqK39KP-NGw5KtgshbJpH5cEeFE7W-QXElgJ5gtrCfOgWs5xPYrrVxPSe_hdttHyb7sQU-_Ep9OeQ0bmgxqbJygKf-FvNnELVEg_QsDEmDDQpAeYR8riuSk8HrMY62-QwNfJc/s1600/sunset.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCl4BRMxMqK39KP-NGw5KtgshbJpH5cEeFE7W-QXElgJ5gtrCfOgWs5xPYrrVxPSe_hdttHyb7sQU-_Ep9OeQ0bmgxqbJygKf-FvNnELVEg_QsDEmDDQpAeYR8riuSk8HrMY62-QwNfJc/s640/sunset.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> A beautiful Sunset</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The day ended with lots of science wonders and a beautiful sunset to watch. </div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-68285330475287442602017-03-11T06:41:00.001-08:002017-05-17T09:59:00.708-07:00Balancing stick - rotational Inertia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
"Sorry, for coming late " said the kid who was panting .<br />
When I asked him "What happened, that got you delayed?".<br />
He said "I was running back from the shop and couldn't stop myself from running even after coming closer home".<br />
" Wonderful! you just experienced something called inertia in physics, dear" I replied.<br />
And that's how the class started this week.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>What is Inertia?.</b><br />
Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist any change in motion or at rest. This can be explained with a simple example. When a vehicle stops, you tend to jerk forward before coming to a stop. Also, when a vehicle starts you tend to jerk backward. <br />
<br />
<b>What is rotational Inertia?</b><br />
Rotational inertia measures how much an object resists the change in rotation. Rotational inertia depends on the distribution of the mass in the stick. For example, when a sportsman is holding a bat<br />
(baseball) and swings it, he can swing quickly if he chokes the bat by reducing the rotational inertia.<b><br /></b><br />
<br />
To demonstrate and understand it, we did the following simple activity.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Materials needed</b><br />
<br />
1. Wooden dowel rod - approximately 3 feet long and 1/2 an inch thick<br />
2. Clay - small lump<br />
<br />
<b>Procedure</b><br />
<br />
1. Give the clay and the wooden dowel to a group of students.<br />
2. Tell them to attach the clay to the dowel anywhere.<br />
3. Challenge them to balance the stick on the tip of one finger.<br />
4. Check who can balance it the longest duration.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Variation</b><br />
<br />
1. Balance the stick with clay on the tip of your finger keeping the clay on the top.<br />
2. Next turn it around with clay closer to your finger.<br />
3. Now keep the clay somewhere in the middle and notice the difference.<br />
<br />
<img class="SzDcob" height="400" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/3pf4v_LDvineks2bciH5-zharLegj0AuWdJyQN4besWsx57NsxLJAA29sbdB8ekoPqvoJotF3oRi5oyeosLLQDFefRVTBW1Ixsj-1UuZuRsRhf9x2OhC3ljb1EnbplZLuzQx5sO-CxHYuB_6I0wd2D4LM3HuXFx28Dy0F4tsSW9dbYV-2o883QgI4nRolDx7Sj0s_RanJN_-yfDYGilUlGDL7y_pBo_KwXBlOEK9oP7SLBV_bfQwZBJEzrWyxQNJsbZEtD-VIHB2nyE_zIA3mREa5qDiSsRIt7PYecuYqDrqsICKar2hTd_FHmhd17g0-D3ektpukIYSfaHJRo1wvavpRGFkVHtp_sjX3cL8y-aiX9jYBZ37SlpOmb8E8fuUfXx87fDpISaHAJy0ZXfgsLGi1zOibMS2xpKtFEgzDAtfTKTkwiOau5J0pPjN1niEoNJoyXyvUmfoMDTHPYj9aAVEdDMfCFYvEfQ3VktolKmGRU5yzv67HOWBN5eO8KC1rCDdTv-EeBW5U9YGQWpHGp-KqLsDAsI_1QuzLJLXqTh-jzMB_snyxfqg-YtFbyTcBejkEk66yZFulAoDpDOKtIRmKTRrPXPiGSQ0Gn6-Jmts8oHlCUXQ=w530-h794-no" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="266" /><br />
<br />
<b>Observations & Reasoning</b><br />
<br />
Did you notice that the stick is easier to balance, when the clay is on the top?.<br />
<br />
Wonderful ...the dowel moves slowly and has bigger rotational inertia which gives you time to balance it when the clay is on the top. When the clay is closer to the finger, there is less rotational inertia and so it tips very quickly.<br />
<br />
Though the mass is the same whether the clay is on the top or bottom, the distribution of the mass has only changed with respect to your finger. This is due to the reason that the rotational inertia depends on the distribution of the mass. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br /></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-78957081967325555502017-02-19T06:14:00.002-08:002018-04-03T04:24:12.946-07:00Energy transfer <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDBxS9ilnVlwz09OKAfI7Kltx3r5iQka2fg2kfj-i3DJo225fmkpMnqLD1RL03VoavndchJqtnj4kLBiD0ejm5keGqihSEFzycapQSXHUGDLYxLjRHrLjkb5nMH0rkQA0ExXqBEufP1DA/s1600/energy1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="681" data-original-width="1059" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDBxS9ilnVlwz09OKAfI7Kltx3r5iQka2fg2kfj-i3DJo225fmkpMnqLD1RL03VoavndchJqtnj4kLBiD0ejm5keGqihSEFzycapQSXHUGDLYxLjRHrLjkb5nMH0rkQA0ExXqBEufP1DA/s400/energy1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Today, P came back home and was very excited. When I enquired about her excitement , she said "Today, we played games at school and I feel very energetic. So, tell me what experiments are we doing for the science activities". Till then I was not sure of the topic and so was still wondering what kind of activities to do. But, the word "energetic" gave me the idea of doing some experiments related to energy transfer. That's how it all started. <br />
<br />
<br />
We have heard the word 'energy' quite a few times. But, let's see what it really means in physics.<br />
<br />
<b>What is Energy?</b><br />
<br />
Energy is the measurement of the ability of something to do any work. It is not a material substance. Energy exists in many different forms such as light energy, mechanical energy, heat energy, sound energy, chemical energy, nuclear energy and so on.<br />
<br />
Though we hear so much about energy consumption, energy can never be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred from one form to the other while work is being done.<br />
<br />
So, here is an experiment that helps us to understand how energy is transferred using the catapult which had more usage during medieval times. <br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Materials needed</b></u><br />
<ol>
<li>Eight craft sticks (popsicle sticks)</li>
<li>Four or five sturdy rubber bands</li>
<li>Glue</li>
<li>Plastic bottle cap to hold a cotton ball</li>
<li>Cotton ball (or you can make a small ball by crumbling some paper.)</li>
<li>Small open area ( It should be a sturdy, flat surface such as a table or floor.) </li>
</ol>
<br />
<u><b> Procedure</b></u><br />
<ol>
</ol>
<ol>
<li>Take six craft sticks, stack them one on top of the other. By wrapping rubber bands around both ends of the
stack you can secure them together</li>
</ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1w_7pbSm8lCD_2794BgCwPrXZP57WEsCwS3NKphWUII6RQMTR8f_6UHUl94k9_dZ4BOQ4bpZIhd09CVA8SS9xeyU01MMn4MpAwFv5oTRMsrEsejfEDK3QtUvfrcxpFF1lqEQ-pm8RU-g/s1600/energy2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="665" data-original-width="848" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1w_7pbSm8lCD_2794BgCwPrXZP57WEsCwS3NKphWUII6RQMTR8f_6UHUl94k9_dZ4BOQ4bpZIhd09CVA8SS9xeyU01MMn4MpAwFv5oTRMsrEsejfEDK3QtUvfrcxpFF1lqEQ-pm8RU-g/s400/energy2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
2. Take the remaining 2 popsicle sticks and wrap them together at one end and attach it perpendicular to the stack that you just made. Wrap a rubber band in a X shape to secure it tightly in the middle. If you cross it this way, the sticks will stay nicely perpendicular. <br />
<ol>
<li>Glue a bottle cap to the stick that is on the top. This is the launching pad for the catapult. </li>
<li>Wait for the glue to stick. </li>
<li>Put your catapult in a open, flat, sturdy area. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxQtMdXGAKuxL0FqAfVnOBYjiXVew4kbOXLeK04iBeBB5AY8CO5ZUY0YDEWllIEh9ECrG9v4y3XOEYv-MNZidjYnCaKQLmp6uudoZGsXmAkQrl2afNISJY_DLKPqGz7RCpGWh3l1qKB4/s1600/energy3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="816" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyxQtMdXGAKuxL0FqAfVnOBYjiXVew4kbOXLeK04iBeBB5AY8CO5ZUY0YDEWllIEh9ECrG9v4y3XOEYv-MNZidjYnCaKQLmp6uudoZGsXmAkQrl2afNISJY_DLKPqGz7RCpGWh3l1qKB4/s400/energy3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
</li>
<li><br /></li>
<li>Place a cotton ball in the launching cup and press a lit bit to let it go. </li>
<li>You might need to repeat the test few times to make your observations.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGo34TlX4cVVYzg29xoOclHilFH2vXcs9P5bzRpGBzfxHSnoK80buHg_nFOZWmbvObG3ghE1x0mJ0FF3-1CbTZUx3LTgaKXe3LmtY_kqrjsftXO85DuQhemuNSc1vfF17uNKEKfeDYIVI/s1600/energy4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="595" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGo34TlX4cVVYzg29xoOclHilFH2vXcs9P5bzRpGBzfxHSnoK80buHg_nFOZWmbvObG3ghE1x0mJ0FF3-1CbTZUx3LTgaKXe3LmtY_kqrjsftXO85DuQhemuNSc1vfF17uNKEKfeDYIVI/s640/energy4.jpg" width="476" /></a></div>
</li>
<li> </li>
</ol>
Did you notice that your cotton ball flew higher when you pushed harder?<br />
When you bend your stick by pushing it you are transferring potential energy which in turn when released becomes the energy in motion (kinetic energy). Bending farther means transfer of more elastic potential energy to the stick which then makes the cotton ball fly higher and further. <br />
<br />
<b>Variations</b><br />
<br />
To make it as an experiment, try changing one variable in this.<br />
<br />
1. Use different materials such as cotton ball, paper ball, peanut, marshmallow.<br />
<br />
2. Change the angles of projectile by moving the six sticks closer to the launching pad and check if your ball flies higher?<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimvsmjYNd-4Sk3W0HP9Q6j1JPFWR7VOQS6yommbr4HvJf1JhNhiSv2X4O6FQfThuJ_9L6-1WY1HxzHqfOlOMzGPd5B6Im-pAVi4bMZgFbwln7ikqFZ0p2bnYY3CQoPY0ttQoUqoDiTA4Q/s1600/energy5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="1059" height="475" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimvsmjYNd-4Sk3W0HP9Q6j1JPFWR7VOQS6yommbr4HvJf1JhNhiSv2X4O6FQfThuJ_9L6-1WY1HxzHqfOlOMzGPd5B6Im-pAVi4bMZgFbwln7ikqFZ0p2bnYY3CQoPY0ttQoUqoDiTA4Q/s640/energy5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
We also made different types of catapults using spoon, as the launching pad and also tried using a stapler for variation. <br />
<br />
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<br />
<ol>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-62515939030295651092017-02-03T00:30:00.001-08:002018-04-21T21:15:44.807-07:00Acids & Alkalis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
In our activity kids were shown a plate full of different food items.
This plate mainly had items with different types of acids in them such
as tamarind with tartaric acid, banana with malic acid etc., .<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinBfvhGY8nw-aYM3kb_eSHlg6Vmq6gbK1vh1OAPeylHB_wUgrCylv1Yjkn8btumN5rC2A_hv77UQ0PvfF1ftnkcrMPIEcLHUlRUYkpWRMjXuTG8NDVg-3YEfjKG8kq2D7zUkvmzJQxjUI/s1600/acids.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="951" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinBfvhGY8nw-aYM3kb_eSHlg6Vmq6gbK1vh1OAPeylHB_wUgrCylv1Yjkn8btumN5rC2A_hv77UQ0PvfF1ftnkcrMPIEcLHUlRUYkpWRMjXuTG8NDVg-3YEfjKG8kq2D7zUkvmzJQxjUI/s400/acids.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />
After which we had a discussion around why some items taste sour, salty, bland etc. Also, in baking, how cake dough rises to become soft and fluffy, the chemical reactions that take place due to baking soda ( sodium bi carbonate) and buttermilk in the recipe. Kids were able to guess acids are sour and baking soda , baking powder are bases. Then we talked about what is pH (power of hydrogen) scale and what it means in chemistry.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhseFfqrDvLbnxkIrDjTdukHiS0f3GiqhrWFiuYGcMvTERbQ-1EuhyTQOCIHq2PfzX193uNdt6Gk-egvlMdmpVop_tlpLA1TBpE8BZIORJZWbn_IBpkkARdHiXc78vnZc0a71ZQBY2Y4tU/s1600/acid+%2526+alkali.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="692" data-original-width="1023" height="270" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhseFfqrDvLbnxkIrDjTdukHiS0f3GiqhrWFiuYGcMvTERbQ-1EuhyTQOCIHq2PfzX193uNdt6Gk-egvlMdmpVop_tlpLA1TBpE8BZIORJZWbn_IBpkkARdHiXc78vnZc0a71ZQBY2Y4tU/s400/acid+%2526+alkali.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcfYecvhwF2zw_Gvyz3vV5lkTwU6ou73_uOxs4S4XqkLaQLXhrkpTVG59Ne0p6mSAMLDbbjd3fb0UmdVYnk-aytkbfiJrzs1tForl7aM77BfpgKuEBkgeMWmoTdOZxxKt1oagZF1sPlg/s1600/ph+scale.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="1024" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRcfYecvhwF2zw_Gvyz3vV5lkTwU6ou73_uOxs4S4XqkLaQLXhrkpTVG59Ne0p6mSAMLDbbjd3fb0UmdVYnk-aytkbfiJrzs1tForl7aM77BfpgKuEBkgeMWmoTdOZxxKt1oagZF1sPlg/s400/ph+scale.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<b>What is a pH scale ? </b><br />
<br />
Scientists use the pH scale to measure how acidic
or basic a liquid is. pH scale has a range from 0 to 14. From 0 to 7 are acids with 0 being the strongest acid. From 7 to 14 are bases with 14 being the strongest base. <br />
<br />
Since we can not be tasting every item to find out if it is a acid or base, the easiest way to find in chemistry lab is by using a neutral item called 'indicators'.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: magenta;"><b> What are 'indicators'?</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black;">Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic or alkaline solutions. In chemistry labs litmus paper, methyl orange and phenolphthalein are commonly used. </span><b> </b></span><br />
<br />
Here in this activity we have used Purple cabbage as an 'acid-base indicator' .<br />
<br />
<span style="color: magenta;">Purple</span> (sometimes called red ) cabbage contains an anthocyanin based dye that can be used as an indicator. <br />
<br />
Indicators such as purple cabbage show reactions when it mixes with acid or base. It turns red, pink for acids ( depending on the acidity level) to blue, green brown (depending on the alkaline level) for bases.<br />
<br />
<u><b>Materials needed</b></u><br />
<br />
Purple cabbage - 5-6 leaves<br />
Water - 4 cups<br />
Lemon juice - 2 tsp<br />
Vinegar - 3 tsp<br />
Baking soda - 2 tsp<br />
Washing powder - 2 tsp<br />
Bleach - 2-3 tsp<br />
<br />
<u><b>Procedure</b></u> <br />
<br />
Add 4 cups of water with 5-6 leaves of purple cabbage.<br />
Using a blender, blend it together for few minutes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjsp0C8Yyv84T131Yr6SJzWngyjfLqZGZOz4tQVY1LpOoJpHmAyLZ9spe8V4bcH1Yi7PcCZiGJOoN7F_2m4k9p_pEm_9y036Up_aWIB_NxW0jGvrjY2Ys9DyYWVsIfeDUMCxADFlFzkcI/s1600/acid1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="596" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjsp0C8Yyv84T131Yr6SJzWngyjfLqZGZOz4tQVY1LpOoJpHmAyLZ9spe8V4bcH1Yi7PcCZiGJOoN7F_2m4k9p_pEm_9y036Up_aWIB_NxW0jGvrjY2Ys9DyYWVsIfeDUMCxADFlFzkcI/s640/acid1.jpg" width="480" /></a></div>
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Strain the mix using a strainer to get the purple cabbage juice.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTSvI3R0-eSzw9pXBCuxJsNk4zuxJOGcL-48jikUqgT2ZDwn7kv8IJxAK3271UOznv0yVwmQ7LV5j_TbCRr4Y_nl5DqGkOsEIjbG8r_Teb8BlWkC3WpNdXksNx6z0_z6eMuOUpFxrjw5g/s1600/acid2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="596" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTSvI3R0-eSzw9pXBCuxJsNk4zuxJOGcL-48jikUqgT2ZDwn7kv8IJxAK3271UOznv0yVwmQ7LV5j_TbCRr4Y_nl5DqGkOsEIjbG8r_Teb8BlWkC3WpNdXksNx6z0_z6eMuOUpFxrjw5g/s640/acid2.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Purple cabbage juice ready!</td></tr>
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Take a quarter cup of this <span style="color: magenta;">purple</span> cabbage juice and mix it up with a teaspoon full of lemon juice and you will notice the change in color from purple to <span style="color: red;">red</span>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdGzd4Sxym8Cjz1XQ6jBBTeYhUPSBog7mjtQrmj_9muWptJYHN0PadIlCyhHL7Ccohbn7R27xS7m9CAytbNLEo1XTORaz7marzVEi8bC_HTx-Wg91OAtWhCcbJmVyIcHJQSFfBrdpUxo/s1600/acid3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="748" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJdGzd4Sxym8Cjz1XQ6jBBTeYhUPSBog7mjtQrmj_9muWptJYHN0PadIlCyhHL7Ccohbn7R27xS7m9CAytbNLEo1XTORaz7marzVEi8bC_HTx-Wg91OAtWhCcbJmVyIcHJQSFfBrdpUxo/s640/acid3.jpg" width="602" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note the color change from purple to red..</td></tr>
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To test the effect of alkali (base) on this indicator we added 1 teaspoon of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) to the purple cabbage juice. You can see the color change from purple to blue as we were mixing itself.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqAWh_9dVgHB7iKeIpbwpYPqjzj818s_EHjQjdbGtXJZ-rhq1UMtovmOLhpcuN1UiSMCCCMzUhHe6iD_bZ6vgvcWGfiPfNhdvRoWLi6cPj_Qwk9h2_mcqcFNPme1C2C3LfWHmI-vzM1rw/s1600/acid4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="740" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqAWh_9dVgHB7iKeIpbwpYPqjzj818s_EHjQjdbGtXJZ-rhq1UMtovmOLhpcuN1UiSMCCCMzUhHe6iD_bZ6vgvcWGfiPfNhdvRoWLi6cPj_Qwk9h2_mcqcFNPme1C2C3LfWHmI-vzM1rw/s640/acid4.jpg" width="596" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Due to alkali mixed in the juice, it changed from purple to blue</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Lemon juice (acid) when mixed with cabbage juice turns red, whereas sodium bi carbonate (baking soda) when mixed with cabbage juice turns blue. Kids will be thrilled to see the color change spontaneously.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL1DXg5f11f15eDKsJ47n-yoqKqutO-aWLJvitNB1WHMV66rsYB3aa2BIxd6K5E2l4fMHCMMwfUB2QS1UfQyNc661bLMB8nDoL4sMRr4ODutMMQuGgCJ6km3JAmY2BHAgwyduqSmTur94/s1600/acid5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="1235" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhL1DXg5f11f15eDKsJ47n-yoqKqutO-aWLJvitNB1WHMV66rsYB3aa2BIxd6K5E2l4fMHCMMwfUB2QS1UfQyNc661bLMB8nDoL4sMRr4ODutMMQuGgCJ6km3JAmY2BHAgwyduqSmTur94/s400/acid5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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To see the effects of other acids such as vinegar and bases such as washing powder and bleach we added in separate cups. <br />
You can see the color change from red, pink,purple,blue,green brown as the pH level increases from 0 to 14.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmP8PogBURwNByFWxB_jgQ3RoSOLyG1DpwaWbmR0Cc350WGGyQzL1jsbF189uellGkYU4bsfPuQhw2lshR8gOZDRUQ8rq8095xJd6NiwGGHSTNkuytdi9M5n9x6Ktz5mStzzaijePfVK4/s1600/acid6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="596" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmP8PogBURwNByFWxB_jgQ3RoSOLyG1DpwaWbmR0Cc350WGGyQzL1jsbF189uellGkYU4bsfPuQhw2lshR8gOZDRUQ8rq8095xJd6NiwGGHSTNkuytdi9M5n9x6Ktz5mStzzaijePfVK4/s640/acid6.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">pH levels from 0 - 14</td></tr>
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After seeing the effects of acids and alkali with purple cabbage juice kids were curious to know if in nature we would be able to see the acids and alkali effects.<br />
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To show them that nature has it too, we went on a garden trip. There we found these 'Hydrangeas' blooming with blue flowers where the soil is acidic, and has pink flowers where the soil content is more of alkaline. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHWl1SPQvD-B8hhxQo2TM4ojJZV0JlwaBg5aLPG3C1bMFb35i7eUByb0qZ5phi1jyY0inxdV5hRrzP9bcCh7msl5lDVYme0FEUUWJUIYxIGBtYEXg06q2TKvBrcZTFwLmwWo2ug8ULTY/s1600/acid7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="808" height="627" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikHWl1SPQvD-B8hhxQo2TM4ojJZV0JlwaBg5aLPG3C1bMFb35i7eUByb0qZ5phi1jyY0inxdV5hRrzP9bcCh7msl5lDVYme0FEUUWJUIYxIGBtYEXg06q2TKvBrcZTFwLmwWo2ug8ULTY/s640/acid7.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Blue 'Hydrangeas' when the soil is acidic</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQpBi08aMG7NkiZdYKFUODT1nV3Q-VMKMjbxAgCN5QjSg64BMZ3K8tAFOgH8SmqqdZKe9Vq91ibXVVbEb7rE0F8njKbNqw_ToIUJ6702W08CYoekhpRYsl4FTJLy-EePPZKZpEETjZgI/s1600/acid8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="782" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEQpBi08aMG7NkiZdYKFUODT1nV3Q-VMKMjbxAgCN5QjSg64BMZ3K8tAFOgH8SmqqdZKe9Vq91ibXVVbEb7rE0F8njKbNqw_ToIUJ6702W08CYoekhpRYsl4FTJLy-EePPZKZpEETjZgI/s640/acid8.jpg" width="628" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pink hydrangeas when soil is alkaline</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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When the soil has both alkaline and acid in equal portion it has purple flowers. Kids were able to relate to it as they had just then completed the experiment. <br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzsHvs6MIaoAKLdwL81j2wdbspwt_Xm5iozorUKTGT7YyJLc_RnulDxfUTrIkMfE4kdimWNOhYKRpxJh-J9yKaf5V434ZBe5-K7_JDdeP7qmEhK6B_gbTldSb3BAuoaLVI9K40vX1fNYI/s1600/acid9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="875" height="579" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzsHvs6MIaoAKLdwL81j2wdbspwt_Xm5iozorUKTGT7YyJLc_RnulDxfUTrIkMfE4kdimWNOhYKRpxJh-J9yKaf5V434ZBe5-K7_JDdeP7qmEhK6B_gbTldSb3BAuoaLVI9K40vX1fNYI/s640/acid9.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mix of blue and pink to make purple flowers</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Isn't it amazing to note that nature is also busy in chemistry experiments :-). <br />
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-85006257548555638042016-11-20T08:12:00.002-08:002018-03-26T03:10:20.637-07:00Mushy Banana<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-mVplw7PZtfc1Y2gn87dcdDb0J7TIz0DoqSSDrrE-N6ImWi8bi51BzxVjAgIrMAWT4Gdc5zjCzAVrV4moSGMzj7mqZGTnM-J3g64uH9AQhISIb8oOA0onu-58blkrmaHlikCaak5CAKQ/s1600/IMG_20170123_122754.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-mVplw7PZtfc1Y2gn87dcdDb0J7TIz0DoqSSDrrE-N6ImWi8bi51BzxVjAgIrMAWT4Gdc5zjCzAVrV4moSGMzj7mqZGTnM-J3g64uH9AQhISIb8oOA0onu-58blkrmaHlikCaak5CAKQ/s400/IMG_20170123_122754.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Few days back, Reena had bought bananas and kept it near the dining table. That morning she remembered that and told her daughter Sonia, to eat a banana while having her breakfast. As Banana is one of her favourite fruit, Sonia happily agreed to eat it without much fuss. But, as soon as she saw the banana , she refused to eat it.<br />
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Curious to know what changed her mind Reena came to the kitchen and checked with her. She showed the banana and Reena knew the reason why Sonia did not want to eat. The skin of the banana had changed its colour from yellow to brown and had lots of dark spots on it. The firmness of the banana had now turned to mushy banana.<br />
She wanted to know "what made the banana change its color and texture?".<br />
Do banana's always change color?<br />
Do all fruits change their color?<br />
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She had so many questions. Do you also have many questions too?.<br />
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Lets see one at a time.<br />
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<b>How did the banana look before it ripened?. Can you guess it?</b><br />
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Yes, it was green, hard and did not have any aroma or smell.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8xCum01YdE-IwEOXDMvbM8T3vHU5g1Mp7xAU-OwGZf_hrckGMYDNM2Z1kqrjhlpfzFRu-kRnWGnmQosTFL-jayBwUGUlE51tfnuFiP3raMuHrtca9LS1eVrVir9x7ftvdx5MwdrhdRnM/s1600/IMG_20170123_122824.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8xCum01YdE-IwEOXDMvbM8T3vHU5g1Mp7xAU-OwGZf_hrckGMYDNM2Z1kqrjhlpfzFRu-kRnWGnmQosTFL-jayBwUGUlE51tfnuFiP3raMuHrtca9LS1eVrVir9x7ftvdx5MwdrhdRnM/s400/IMG_20170123_122824.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"> green raw bananas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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But, once the ripening process started the color of the skin changed as chlorophyll (the green stuff in plants) gets broken down.<br />
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<span style="color: red;">How do these bananas know when to change color from green to yellow to brown?... Good question.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy4s_kimb8FWOhOV067AekdR-utU6n2V9K83araijjaYzQvtx2uVdrjXW6nwQ-M4ONq2oPwj-9E9SpcMvE28FSkmAvjH-1yYj4o-8lL5s17w8LO60ANxunjtNYBKDvp-mrnwjS_3TXI2U/s1600/IMG_20170124_121009.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy4s_kimb8FWOhOV067AekdR-utU6n2V9K83araijjaYzQvtx2uVdrjXW6nwQ-M4ONq2oPwj-9E9SpcMvE28FSkmAvjH-1yYj4o-8lL5s17w8LO60ANxunjtNYBKDvp-mrnwjS_3TXI2U/s400/IMG_20170124_121009.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Ripe bananas</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Plants send signals all the time using hormones. This happens when they get a ripening signal – a burst of a gas called ethylene. Ethylene is a simple hydrocarbon gas produced when a fruit ripens.<br />
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Ethylene is produced by rapidly growing tissue (the tips of roots, flowers, ripening fruit, damaged tissue). Thus, a wound can activate ethylene production; just the act of picking green fruit can cause the ripening process to begin. Ethylene flips the switch to trigger the genes that in turn make the enzymes that cause ripening.<br />
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After Reena explained about how the banana had ripened, her daughter Sonia, was ready to eat it, but the banana had become so mushy, that mom told her that she would make banana muffins, for the evening snack. Sonia came home in the evening, to find yummy muffins (recipe found here -<br />
<a href="https://funscienceactivityclub.blogspot.in/2013/03/healthy-whole-wheat-muffin-yesterday-me.html" target="_blank">https://funscienceactivityclub.blogspot.in/2013/03/healthy-whole-wheat-muffin-yesterday-me.html</a>)<br />
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which she gobbled it up without hesitation. Though she could taste the banana, she couldn't feel the mushiness of the old banana<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnZdDwhkelCthEAY8WA_wl-TeoMy7MS1tK9Eyj6st9nylxiNTXjnHpAo1PWqr-wFMb2tnZwHEw5xtQMxGMrfQE6cmjqA1JUtxwLwf_C3SNxHVyvMGqTsZJ68eiI0cpb1YdXVrLylhuglo/s1600/IMG_20170127_084455.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnZdDwhkelCthEAY8WA_wl-TeoMy7MS1tK9Eyj6st9nylxiNTXjnHpAo1PWqr-wFMb2tnZwHEw5xtQMxGMrfQE6cmjqA1JUtxwLwf_C3SNxHVyvMGqTsZJ68eiI0cpb1YdXVrLylhuglo/s400/IMG_20170127_084455.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note...the brown spots on the bananas</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOCRj5MnlyN-U6zRQUE_ZHiTXMl7LAALZWb1MfjNVHoJpR-IbJmyZ9LnRv0y3Ts7MCXPjTPAEioPj_fhBFggkQcpDdJMkH7_lQcv6R4vtyKNQ_LTSJvssahW5xzrwFpi-TSakxvktoo1M/s1600/muffin1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOCRj5MnlyN-U6zRQUE_ZHiTXMl7LAALZWb1MfjNVHoJpR-IbJmyZ9LnRv0y3Ts7MCXPjTPAEioPj_fhBFggkQcpDdJMkH7_lQcv6R4vtyKNQ_LTSJvssahW5xzrwFpi-TSakxvktoo1M/s400/muffin1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Yummy ! muffins to eat..mmm</td></tr>
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While having the banana muffin she had few more questions such as<br />
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1. Do leaves also change color just like bananas for the same reason?<br />
2. Are there other fruits that also change its color just like bananas?<br />
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Reena told Sonia "Think about the answers till evening and I shall tell you if you are correct or not". So, Sonia started to wonder ........<br />
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-29377410470575303472016-11-20T08:11:00.002-08:002017-05-17T09:50:34.628-07:00Hibernation<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=4836754197572207929" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Image result for bear hibernating images" border="0" class="irc_mut iWoAV6CtZkus-HwpH6ZlgJaI" height="315" 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" 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<span style="color: darkorange;"><b><span style="background-color: white;">Hibernation - not only bears</span></b></span><br />
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Do you like to snuggle in your comforter when your mom is waking you up for the school bus during winter?. right.... Sure, if mom lets you, you wouldn't mind sleeping for a long period of time, isn't it?. This is what happens to the bears. They too love to hibernate during winter.<br />
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<b><span style="color: red;">Hibernate....What would that mean?</span></b><br />
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Hibernation is when animals like bears, squirrels, hedge hogs go into sleep for longer period of time. During that period their body temperature drops very low, their metabolic rate also drops dramatically. They don't feel the need to eat food.<br />
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Some of the animals like Bears munch on more food such as fish , before going into hibernation.<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Did you know that bumble bees hibernate?.</span><br />
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<img alt="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Apis_mellifera_carnica_worker_hive_entrance_3.jpg" class="overflowingVertical" height="240" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Apis_mellifera_carnica_worker_hive_entrance_3.jpg" width="400" /><br />
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<img alt="File:CSIRO ScienceImage 80 A Queen Bee.jpg" data-file-height="954" data-file-width="1539" height="248" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/CSIRO_ScienceImage_80_A_Queen_Bee.jpg/800px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_80_A_Queen_Bee.jpg" width="400" /> <br />
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During winter after the worker bees and male drones die, the Queen bees go into hibernation close to 6 to 8 months under the dry leaves and wake up again during spring to build up their honey comb.<br />
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Bats are other animals that hibernate. It is hard to believe that bats can hibernate as long as 344 days ...wow that is close to an year...<br />
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I sure wouldn't want to sleep that long, then I would miss on the fun playing with my friends.</div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-64290116261409097202016-11-20T08:10:00.002-08:002017-05-17T09:51:19.055-07:00Why is the pool cold on a warm day and warm during the evening ?.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img class="SzDcob" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0ifTWMAnDMwJ10qISFmLy784tTJ4wq-1pU4oUomkKwYpqexzZ81C3CFnqpsTNahnBKilVVNju08djSIF6JIZGouvT4MalkkNi4iHO2oW6xutJj0p6j4MywftPWBkhw0h2IKW1n_LkrR4/w1229-h794-no/" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="400" /><br />
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It was a cloudy day when me, P & P decided to get inside the pool around 6 pm. Since it was our summer break and didn't get a chance to go for a swim for a while we decided to go even though it started to drizzle a bit. We were mentally prepared to feel the water cold compared to outside temperature. Instead, what we experienced was that the pool was warm and when we stopped swimming and came out of the water it was cold. It was very intriguing to note that our assumptions were wrong.<br />
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Even after I came back home and made a cup of tea the curiosity to understand why the pool water was warm compared to outside air was still lingering in my head. Suddenly, it dawned on me about the specific heat capacity of matters (water, air) I had studied during my school days and to confirm did a bit of reading and found the following.<br />
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Since the specific heat capacity of water is very high compared to air the water absorbs the heat during the day and feels warm when you enter the pool in the evening. It takes a long time to absorb the heat and retains the heat for long as well. During the night when there is a huge temperature difference the warm water lets out the heat to the surrounding air and the air becomes warmer than the water in the morning.</div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-6897129495305988802016-11-20T08:10:00.000-08:002017-05-17T09:51:37.968-07:00Why fingers and toes shrivel after staying in the water for a while?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<img class="SzDcob" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3L_qZSdS1WKIZvElB7hrX320rC-UQOE8OTTGCftO6YLuLSx5_bPRDPpN2M1OljNz5_fvw1rki9z0qujlHdk9MW69JBqWNOyMiptNo18avQse4ncFwHn-d0fwJq0m20bEqUIb47yYqWg0/w1160-h794-no/" width="400" /><br />
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The other day my daughter 'P" went for a swim with her friends for about 2 hrs. Though I had told her not to stay in the water for more than an hour she continued playing for long at the pool. When she came back home she was all worried about " why her fingers and toes were looking different?". To make her understand I explained about the 3 layers of the skin. The outer most tough layer is the epidermis which is made of dead keratin cells. Keratin is a kind of protein which is found in hair, nails and outer most layer of the skin. This is the layer that prevents the skin from water evaporation and protects the layer beneath it.<br />
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<img alt="" 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" /> <br />
<br />
When you stay in water for a long time epidermis which is made of dead keratin cells absorbs water and swells. This stretches the surface area of the skin attached to the living tissue. To accommodate this the skin wrinkles.<br />
<br />
Then she asked me a valid question why it happens only on our hands and feet and not on other parts of the body?. I replied her saying "because this has the thickest layer".<br />
<br />
After having a hot cup of chocolate she said "I understand now, why you had asked me to come earlier than 2 hrs".<br />
<br />
Has this happened to you too?.......<br />
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<br /></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-11759101064051611142016-11-20T08:08:00.002-08:002018-01-08T04:27:48.187-08:00Which candle will burn for long?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
When we light the candle with a match stick, it starts to melt and vaporize the wax near to the wick. The vaporized wax then mixes with oxygen in the air to form constant flame. So, what happens if we limit the amount of oxygen available for the candle?. To test this and to see what happens<br />
you will need<br />
<br />
<b>Materials Required:</b><br />
<br />
Tea candle -4<br />
Glass jars - 4 of varied size<br />
Matches<br />
paper - to write your observation<br />
stop watch<br />
<br />
<b>Procedure</b><br />
<br />
1. Arrange the candles with some space in between.<br />
2. Light all 4 candles.<br />
3. Have 4 different sized jars (marked1,2,3,4) from smallest to largest which are ready to cover the candles.<br />
4. Estimate how long each candle will burn after being covered and write it down on the table.<br />
5. Cover the candles and start the stop watch.<br />
6. Check if your estimated and actual time match.<br />
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 36.9pt;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border: 1pt solid black; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36">Candle numbers</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 171pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Time Estimate</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
Actual Time</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
1</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 171pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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2</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 171pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
3</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 171pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 27pt;" valign="top" width="36"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
4</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 171pt;" valign="top" width="228"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 175.5pt;" valign="top" width="234"><div style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>What is happening?</b></span><br />
<br />
The candle's flame is fueled by the oxygen in the air. When the jar is kept over the candle there is still oxygen inside the jar which the flame consumes. Once the oxygen is consumed the flame goes off. The larger the jar the longer it will take for the flame to go off. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-71714006568454418032016-11-20T08:07:00.001-08:002018-03-25T22:01:16.618-07:00Making edible crystals<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Last week, kids had requested for some interesting Chemistry experiments. I decided to surprise them with some yummy treats and I readied some sugar and salt crystals for them to see. It was pretty easy for them to guess that the experiment was with crystals.<br />
<br />
<img class="SzDcob" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8y5880lfz7NLuyItcP-YGPj_COJGJG1PltsrvxlLMW8cf9K6OSHkcY3pyQ9yIt5AU0qM9Dkr5YCd18bPmXLn2N-LvPa2uKN_XQZxOF6uLl6l8-shqJ3KmJbwBTW6-vRWu33eeIjyQdwI/w780-h786-no/" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="396" /><br />
<br />
<b>What is a crystal?</b><br />
<br />
Crystals are solids that form by a regular repeated pattern of molecules connecting together. In crystals, a collection of atoms, called the Unit Cell, is repeated in exactly the same arrangement over and over throughout the entire material.<br />
<br />
<br />
<u><b>Materials needed</b></u><br />
<br />
We discussed about different crystals , their structure and where you will find them.<br />
Then it was time to do hands on work. We prepared a saturated solution of sugar by dissolving:<br />
<br />
1. 1 cup of water <br />
2. 3 cups of sugar<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKT8acfkFjkB7k6J-BzZ6xnG6HpqfiednYnrcBUe8xxJ0ClWd7Hlk-y72_5WVVl-fB8-Rf1ZP3yIkrJq0DMIZCqTWWPe2QHCkTTBJdiPteu59Z02q5-EOBqfyugby5gZRpdZH0gKsDjc/s1600/IMG_20180324_173111_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="968" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEKT8acfkFjkB7k6J-BzZ6xnG6HpqfiednYnrcBUe8xxJ0ClWd7Hlk-y72_5WVVl-fB8-Rf1ZP3yIkrJq0DMIZCqTWWPe2QHCkTTBJdiPteu59Z02q5-EOBqfyugby5gZRpdZH0gKsDjc/s640/IMG_20180324_173111_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sugar dissolved in hot water</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<b>Procedure </b><br />
<br />
Boil 1 cup of water and dissolve 3 cups sugar in it. Beyond a certain point the sugar will not dissolve and forms a 'saturated solution'. After cooling a bit, pour it into 2 bottles, to which you can add different food colors. Here we added red and green food colors. Leave a popsicle stick in it by coating it with sugar, guiding the crystal formation. Put a small tissue paper and cover the bottle. Now wait for a few days for the crystals to form.<br />
<br />
<img class="SzDcob" height="433" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/quKl59u_fGpnud8uazJ1vh67UgvnTQVwGQyvNyk7eSPzJhrK7KE8N4v3RdO6dhjYhgty7L-b-w=w808-h547-no" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="640" /><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="parbase section text">
<div class="container">
<div>
<b>Explanation</b> <br />
<br />
Once the saturated solution starts to cool down, it becomes supersaturated. A supersaturated solution is unstable—it contains more solute (in this case, sugar) than can stay in solution—so as the temperature decreases, the sugar comes out of the solution, forming crystals. The lower the temperature, the more molecules join the sugar crystals, and our rock candy is ready!</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="parbase section text">
<div class="container">
<div>
<h2>
<img class="SzDcob" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpuAn992ZarQBZsit8Ci-ZJeMULvEov2J_hgDpJ6Pg1d4gC5B7CyoZD5jMX0Sj_nrLj0SDklr9bjBcPLbyiEGXEEWCJO_OX3yYHENDgSfBhYl2MSRc-hGTHA5MuQVa3zNiYca29n10CHQ/w618-h665-no/" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="594" /> </h2>
<h2>
<img class="SzDcob" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRX7APrqIU7LM4PNSvzwyQStSUTaxa5nbCfgVvt1SrXdhDbu7h7XzX2syWLrtAA77wo4BRGuDzoRL1Bm_vTdMGWHXoPNymH9z7R34ijtb4uJqLgLVBjXUcO5pJ2XFcLXPJxEe0D-gZHzM/w704-h794-no/" style="transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="567" /> </h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img class="SzDcob" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7DVU0Ozd6SYztlQCZe3oWBlmhvSH9Z-I9oss1CleqaSh-pTbwWi8W5jHVkhtolvR6Gd1rwb_gbzGgy3PX6gfo9QLX8oESGI2uBi99NVCQ1lbLEodMkGp38_rv4OKVz88AwpmIz6IjXn0/w780-h786-no/" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transform: translate3d(0px, 0px, 0px) rotate(0deg);" width="635" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tasty treats for the kids! Yum!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<u><b><br /></b></u>
<u><b> </b></u></div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-62283932137593800682016-11-20T08:06:00.002-08:002018-04-03T03:37:07.794-07:00Surface Tension<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj31CZPpTs_8lsVpRHeJIGIV_3Uckfsmrv3wuAOEKqvjkitQ1nSKhw-IPz30YlgwGvcoW6EOuTQ6D-9d16FOc9qKGfscfwewalI2g_RdvuYoCtkWigzuJBnmgzxrtVc7tC4ftFCTVXCw8/s1600/surface+tension1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="752" height="375" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgj31CZPpTs_8lsVpRHeJIGIV_3Uckfsmrv3wuAOEKqvjkitQ1nSKhw-IPz30YlgwGvcoW6EOuTQ6D-9d16FOc9qKGfscfwewalI2g_RdvuYoCtkWigzuJBnmgzxrtVc7tC4ftFCTVXCw8/s400/surface+tension1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Water drop on a coin</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
We started off by observing a drop of water on a coin and how it holds the shape of a dome. It holds the shape unless the drop is bigger than the coin. We tried adding few more drops to this drop. And this is due to cohesion and surface tension properties of water.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiukgf1RqxE3uY-un9JIiBSRw12Jt0AUOv-DB3D2yoN6OIh9o1rYUix92PSmffwqpRzwwhd6cFrb46iFi-0uy9dS97N6U_SZlqfk8Yonvhy9HgJPs0LYOJbQP7JvGP1wVRle6xjtTwi7QA/s1600/surface+tension2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="721" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiukgf1RqxE3uY-un9JIiBSRw12Jt0AUOv-DB3D2yoN6OIh9o1rYUix92PSmffwqpRzwwhd6cFrb46iFi-0uy9dS97N6U_SZlqfk8Yonvhy9HgJPs0LYOJbQP7JvGP1wVRle6xjtTwi7QA/s400/surface+tension2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Cohesion is the attraction of one molecule to the other molecule. Surface tension is the cohesion between water molecules.<br />
<br />
There are few science experiments that you can do to show the surface tension property of the water.<br />
<br />
1. Allow a steady flow of water.<br />
2. Hold one finger under and observe that water flow becomes like water droplets due to surface tension in the steady flowing water.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpBwdm5OIe5Csw-yLnXeTc7RS9QlEoB03iVJ_Iew7HbXgQ2kfYff1fHCXOwKPesPCuHxUhwc-e6DzBtcb056SMyzW126OHuhEpa3NsR8Ax99iLOnyC-D_Lll3YMuzcB2Ht79RhDbqLJWg/s1600/surface+tension5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="705" data-original-width="940" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpBwdm5OIe5Csw-yLnXeTc7RS9QlEoB03iVJ_Iew7HbXgQ2kfYff1fHCXOwKPesPCuHxUhwc-e6DzBtcb056SMyzW126OHuhEpa3NsR8Ax99iLOnyC-D_Lll3YMuzcB2Ht79RhDbqLJWg/s400/surface+tension5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The <b> second experiment</b> would be<br />
<br />
1. Take a bowl of water .<br />
2. Take materials such as hair clip, safety pins, coins .<br />
3. Drop them into the bowl.<br />
4. Observe that they all sink to the bottom.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3s0LVFWAE4suWyWY3bnmuA-oPfZS4TInyfVaIvDbcJvLXXUp4GM3MCYBcBk5jnyNGhuIm3kbrRO4s3uafdkFlEz7aXDarfEpqhbUj2o-Kl0ZusSE0ygfRfuq0zY00_GNW2Eo1CJGZWAE/s1600/surface+tension3.jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="795" data-original-width="1059" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3s0LVFWAE4suWyWY3bnmuA-oPfZS4TInyfVaIvDbcJvLXXUp4GM3MCYBcBk5jnyNGhuIm3kbrRO4s3uafdkFlEz7aXDarfEpqhbUj2o-Kl0ZusSE0ygfRfuq0zY00_GNW2Eo1CJGZWAE/s400/surface+tension3.jpg.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pin and the coin sank to the bottom</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Now , take a small sheet of paper and put in the water. slowly place the hair clip, safety pin, coin on top of the paper. You will note that they don't sink to the bottom and float for a long time till the paper soaks.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfzuTBmLTVq-JNYWwY2NT1bVaFJFxzXEvIKgZdl-GdWrG9pyqTM03j9FVkhhJKCtWlFSK8iMMt-q1LeS7BhRCE3h2aTUbzJvMG9AqM-uZSf34MVWhxjogpP-eZYSSqR4Dvo_rfVJXefuo/s1600/surface+tension4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="794" data-original-width="787" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfzuTBmLTVq-JNYWwY2NT1bVaFJFxzXEvIKgZdl-GdWrG9pyqTM03j9FVkhhJKCtWlFSK8iMMt-q1LeS7BhRCE3h2aTUbzJvMG9AqM-uZSf34MVWhxjogpP-eZYSSqR4Dvo_rfVJXefuo/s400/surface+tension4.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Coin , pin floating on the paper</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
This is due to the paper not breaking up the surface tension of the water .<br />
<br />
Kids also tried their hands on dropping coins in a full cup of water and observed the surface tension holding it together without spilling.<br />
<br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjy648XyRUY0GMLvzGQuzT_z47yrnq8vjFumIxNVjCSdG7CV0RnicqzzMtxzuHU4KBf5mFnegC8kis8SzczaGZ2-bye61exqOtfYYQIUfnDkfa1_VNmRCydx6GL_xZ2ekq7ZmTbILR94lQ/s0/VID_20160727_174039.mp4" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6396978051154389570?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4836754197572207929.post-35375085387272939862016-11-20T08:04:00.003-08:002017-05-17T09:58:15.043-07:00Soap bubbles<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Whether you are a small kid or an adult, I am sure all of us enjoy playing with bubbles. The joy of chasing the bubbles, to catch it before it bursts is immense. Don't you agree with me? . So, that is what we did this week learning about bubbles. We had loads of fun.<br />
<br />
<br />
First, we discussed about bubbles related to the science behind <br />
1. what is a bubble?<br />
2. How the molecules are arranged to hold its shape?<br />
3. How to keep them for long?.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdAxwkJDhFMVMl1hulcfvLNZNAvyZWZDeUmRleSq9NFuFvBhu6RY6HRYWiIJuqSVV9fCF_4BxVXxdpWizIREFLdt9XhtmvchqjtXlz2E-CE6WdbjtmlUKlR-nE3ZOuWAXJBpVv4VFBTw8/w558-h659-no/" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdAxwkJDhFMVMl1hulcfvLNZNAvyZWZDeUmRleSq9NFuFvBhu6RY6HRYWiIJuqSVV9fCF_4BxVXxdpWizIREFLdt9XhtmvchqjtXlz2E-CE6WdbjtmlUKlR-nE3ZOuWAXJBpVv4VFBTw8/w558-h659-no/" width="540" /> <br />
<br />
<br />
A soap bubble is an extremely thin film of soapy water enclosing air that forms a hollow sphere.<br />
<br />
To understand how soap bubbles are holding the shape when water is mixed with soap we need to know that soap molecule has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The diagram shows the arrangement of molecules in a bubble.<br />
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<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPidNI_3-4fZXWwfA47htfq75eErr8YYVu7sd1vHKuUYCC74p87DnDz2fCK7L_kw5rGjgoSYNizmGhaTq0Ged3qNYho1UVvMxXEuwtjXq8XzheUCUjlO2vCXmrnCSjjXcrB2cJK6B73io/w867-h659-no/" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPidNI_3-4fZXWwfA47htfq75eErr8YYVu7sd1vHKuUYCC74p87DnDz2fCK7L_kw5rGjgoSYNizmGhaTq0Ged3qNYho1UVvMxXEuwtjXq8XzheUCUjlO2vCXmrnCSjjXcrB2cJK6B73io/w867-h659-no/" width="400" /> <br />
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We also did the same with spoons and bottle caps. White spoons (spoon head- hydrophilic and spoon handle - hydrophobic) are the soap molecules and bottle caps are the water trapped in between them. When the water evaporates then the bubble breaks.<br />
<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXRaAtKTcTmBygvmOo9JNTsV0XkF7NyfpfzPtNw9qfJfCjduLmcRZT5AMXXNfnH3Z1yiTMjsPi6g09hLJhx70Ot8pPwLeH8zHCz0_eNMfdGNVDdcaXCwutM5unI6gjYL_HuzRZXhqodI/w884-h659-no/" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCXRaAtKTcTmBygvmOo9JNTsV0XkF7NyfpfzPtNw9qfJfCjduLmcRZT5AMXXNfnH3Z1yiTMjsPi6g09hLJhx70Ot8pPwLeH8zHCz0_eNMfdGNVDdcaXCwutM5unI6gjYL_HuzRZXhqodI/w884-h659-no/" width="400" /> <br />
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We mixed oil and water in a bottle. The oil and water molecules did not mix up , but remained as separate layers.<br />
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<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8hAYotpVnPgGADRL_b_rzCMDb5obm-poEmnEpMMm5dI5bxNKm_KndJWwqAkZHUwKStCYRLVeC8wXHvFuJzKVAGcrPFGZd12GWPknjFF3cjSXU2XH42R061-NURKK2MnItLmFngS-d1ao/w780-h659-no/" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8hAYotpVnPgGADRL_b_rzCMDb5obm-poEmnEpMMm5dI5bxNKm_KndJWwqAkZHUwKStCYRLVeC8wXHvFuJzKVAGcrPFGZd12GWPknjFF3cjSXU2XH42R061-NURKK2MnItLmFngS-d1ao/w780-h659-no/" width="400" /> <br />
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But once the soap is added it mixes to remove the oil. Hydrophilic part of the soap mixes with water and the hydrophobic part of it mixes with oil and makes it easier to remove..<br />
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Kids made their own bubble solution. Recipe follows:<br />
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<b>Materials needed</b><br />
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6 spoons - dishwashing liquid<br />
24 spoons - water<br />
1 tsp - glycerin<br />
We made bubbles, but they were breaking off, so to have bigger bubbles that doesn't break faster we added glycerin. Basically glycerin doesn't allow the water to evaporate. <br />
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We checked to see if a square, triangle shape would make square, triangle shape bubbles. <img alt="😛" data-cke-saved-src="https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f61b" src="https://mail.google.com/mail/e/1f61b" style="margin: 0 0.2ex;" />. Unfortunately it was only spherical. We discussed about the reason. Shreya, rightfully pointed out that it was because it can elongate to become bigger with out breaking.<br />
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<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDQOBMXPNi3g-f7awnZ4ghCn1F2lmctTresQlEZ7ipwl8YBnFUQun0RcK07c-F_FU_dvMqdjZ-IpmxAqi5AcPsJ55xzDht2ApR8t8JGLzF6iLNrcC1tsWAEotwOmKllbJoFf_JDRj775A/w911-h660-no/" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDQOBMXPNi3g-f7awnZ4ghCn1F2lmctTresQlEZ7ipwl8YBnFUQun0RcK07c-F_FU_dvMqdjZ-IpmxAqi5AcPsJ55xzDht2ApR8t8JGLzF6iLNrcC1tsWAEotwOmKllbJoFf_JDRj775A/w911-h660-no/" width="400" /> <br />
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Yes.... sphere takes a lesser surface area, but has bigger volume.<br />
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<img data-cke-saved-src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGRoTi_JxafRK0GcWQT9jgfpCNSMjMyXpDFhqT6Wd4c1x9RM7TiDTGQXi_hK6k_63oP8h_xeuU7qwDDBduZNOnA7jlNixwXkjunhODnWjR120lQiKKJyhn_Ci-FCmQfPu3W_Mxnnf0uY/w795-h659-no/" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAGRoTi_JxafRK0GcWQT9jgfpCNSMjMyXpDFhqT6Wd4c1x9RM7TiDTGQXi_hK6k_63oP8h_xeuU7qwDDBduZNOnA7jlNixwXkjunhODnWjR120lQiKKJyhn_Ci-FCmQfPu3W_Mxnnf0uY/w795-h659-no/" width="400" /> </div>
Shobana Marthihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16431186356154158045noreply@blogger.com0